Optimal colors and luminous fluorescence of bluish whites

Å ke S:son Stenius

doi:10.1364/JOSA.65.000213

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 65,
Issue 2,
pp. 213-216
(1975)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.65.000213

Optimal colors and luminous fluorescence of bluish whites

Å ke S:son Stenius

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Å ke S:son Stenius, "Optimal colors and luminous fluorescence of bluish whites," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 65, 213-216 (1975)

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Abstract

Values are given for construction of a diagram giving the MacAdam limits of luminous reflectance for optimal colors in the CIE 1931 colorimetric system for the illuminant D₆₅. It is shown that the amount by which the luminous reflectance of a bluish white object color departs from the MacAdam limit for an optimal color having the same chromaticity coordinates is closely related to its visually perceived whiteness. For fluorescent colors, this deviation is designated luminous fluorescence.

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Plaque	B₁₀	Y₁₀	ΔY_M	W_C–G	W from Eq. (9)
1	71.93	83.61	−16.39	−20	−19.3
2	75.73	85.40	−14.60	5	15.6
3	77.87	85.34	−14.66	25	14.4
4	82.36	87.64	−12.36	50	59.3
5	85.14	87.79	−12.21	70	62.2
6	87.53	87.75	−12.51	90	88.7
7	90.49	88.92	−9.34	105	113.5
8	91.50	88.60	−8.23	130	122.2
9	95.17	88.92	−4.51	150	151.4
10	97.92	88.32	−1.88	175	172.0
11	100.10	89.55	0.086	185	187.4
12	103.35	90.39	2.93	210	209.7

λ₁	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y
	Y_M = 95%			Y_M = 90%			Y_M = 80%			Y_M = 70%			Y_M = 60%
360−
380	626.1	0.2875	0.3320	611.0	0.2640	0.3331	591.8	0.2232	0.3290	577.8	0.1916	0.3164	566.1	0.1674	0.2959
430	626.5	0.2591	0.3518	611.2	0.2704	0.3542	591.9	0.2273	0.3525	577.9	0.1936	0.3414	566.2	0.1673	0.3217
450	628.5	0.3208	0.4108	612.4	0.2931	0.4181	592.7	0.2432	0.4259	578.5	0.2027	0.4224	566.7	0.1697	0.4080
460	631.1	0.3431	0.4526	613.8	0.3135	0.4650	593.6	0.2590	0.4825	579.2	0.2134	0.4879	567.3	0.1752	0.4813
470	635.5	0.3703	0.4934	616.0	0.3393	0.5115	595.0	0.2806	0.5417	580.2	0.2300	0.5602	568.3	0.1862	0.5665
480	644.5	0.3989	0.5198	619.6	0.3672	0.5432	597.1	0.3059	0.5885	581.8	0.2516	0.6177	569.7	0.2036	0.6388
490	704.2	0.4277	0.5269	626.0	0.3960	0.5537	600.4	0.3336	0.6046	584.2	0.2769	0.6475	571.8	0.2265	0.6810
500				640.4	0.4284	0.5444	605.8	0.3660	0.6003	588.1	0.3077	0.6508	575.0	0.2559	0.6927
510							615.8	0.4099	0.5736	594.9	0.3501	0.6293	580.1	0.2967	0.6777
520							642.9	0.4675	0.5249	606.4	0.4078	0.5826	588.6	0.3515	0.6364
530										630.2	0.4795	0.5163	602.2	0.4216	0.5730
540													626.5	0.5019	0.4959
	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	Y	λ₁	x	Y	λ₁	x	y	λ₂
	Y_M = 95%			Y_M = 90%			Y_M = 80%			Y_M = 70%			Y_M = 60%

	476.5	0.3304	0.3346													500
	512.1	0.3182	0.3190	500.9	0.3260	0.3098										520
	534.6	0.3150	0.3194	529.0	0.3181	0.3091	515.7	0.3277	0.2867	490.5	0.3474	0.2668				540
	554.8	0.3116	0.3208	549.6	0.3115	0.3117	539.2	0.3139	0.2909	528.2	0.3202	0.2669	514.5	0.3314	0.2398	560
	573.9	0.3067	0.3231	568.1	0.3021	0.3159	557.2	0.2966	0.2980	547.0	0.2954	0.2759	536.4	0.2983	0.2498	580
	591.4	0.2999	0.3262	583.9	0.2893	0.3216	571.5	0.2734	0.3078	560.4	0.2633	0.2884	550.0	0.2582	0.2637	600
	607.1	0.2934	0.3292	597.3	0.2763	0.3275	582.0	0.2489	0.3182	569.8	0.2291	0.3017	558.8	0.2154	0.2789	620
	617.9	0.2898	0.3309	605.6	0.2686	0.3310	588.0	0.2331	0.3249	574.9	0.2063	0.3106	563.5	0.1863	0.2892	640
	623.5	0.2882	0.3317	609.4	0.2653	0.3325	590.7	0.2261	0.3278	576.9	0.1960	0.3147	565.3	0.1731	0.2939	660
	625.5	0.2877	0.3319	610.6	0.2643	0.3329	591.5	0.2239	0.3287	577.6	0.1927	0.3160	565.9	0.1688	0.2954	680
	626.0	0.2876	0.3320	610.9	0.2640	0.3330	591.7	0.2234	0.3290	577.8	0.1919	0.3163	566.1	0.1677	0.2958	700
	626.1	0.2875	0.3320	611.0	0.2640	0.3331	591.8	0.2232	0.3290	577.8	0.1916	0.3164	566.1	0.1674	0.2959	750
																−830

λ₁	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y
	Y_M = 50%			Y_M = 40%			Y_M = 30%			Y_M = 20%			Y_M = 10%

360−
380	555.4	0.1491	0.2679	545.1	0.1360	0.2324	534.5	0.1282	0.1889	522.8	0.1268	0.1365	506.1	0.1346	0.0746
430	555.5	0.1471	0.2935	545.2	0.1324	0.2567	534.6	0.1234	0.2104	522.9	0.1212	0.1536	506.3	0.1294	0.0850
450	556.0	0.1432	0.3223	545.7	0.1225	0.3442	535.1	0.1081	0.2915	523.5	0.1023	0.2210	507.3	0.1108	0.1281
460	556.6	0.1431	0.4617	546.3	0.1166	0.4272	535.7	0.0964	0.3739	524.2	0.0855	0.2949	508.5	0.0925	0.1804
470	557.4	0.1478	0.5594	547.1	0.1140	0.5362	536.6	0.0853	0.4908	525.2	0.0654	0.4113	510.1	0.0662	0.2749
480	558.7	0.1601	0.6484	548.4	0.1198	0.6437	537.9	0.0822	0.6182	526.8	0.0501	0.5567	512.4	0.0369	0.4205
490	560.6	0.1802	0.7053	550.2	0.1361	0.7190	539.9	0.0927	0.7177	528.9	0.0504	0.6888	515.5	0.0184	0.5906
500	563.5	0.2083	0.7272	553.0	0.1630	0.7543	542.7	0.1178	0.7722	532.0	0.0708	0.7743	519.6	0.0242	0.7335
510	568.2	0.2484	0.7192	557.4	0.2032	0.7549	547.1	0.1589	0.7850	536.6	0.1128	0.8081	525.2	0.0621	0.8161
520	575.3	0.3018	0.6830	563.9	0.2564	0.7238	553.3	0.2137	0.7597	543.0	0.1711	0.7916	532.3	0.1261	0.8187
530	585.6	0.3680.	0.6251	572.9	0.3207	0.6704	561.7	0.2776	0.7104	551.2	0.2371	0.7461	540.9	0.1970	0.7780
540	600.6	0.4458	0.5514	584.4	0.3939	0.6024	571.9	0.3482	0.6470	560.8	0.3066	0.6866	550.4	0.2679	0.7221
560				623.7	0.5578	0.4414	599.3	0.5054	0.4935	583.4	0.4563	0.5424	571.1	0.4127	0.5856
580										615.5	0.6058	0.3936	594.7	0.5578	0.4415
600													625.5	0.6674	0.3324
	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₂
	Y_M = 50%			Y_M = 40%			Y_M = 30%			Y_M = 20%			Y_M = 10%

	487.1	0.3561	0.2158													560
	512.9	0.3278	0.2140	481.8	0.3587	0.1891										570
	525.0	0.3058	0.2196	509.8	0.3197	0.1856	468.3	0.3750	0.1702							580
	533.3	0.2827	0.2264	521.3	0.2914	0.1917	503.4	0.3085	0.1534							590
	539.6	0.2578	0.2340	528.6	0.2623	0.1990	515.1	0.2731	0.1588	489.0	0.2989	0.1167				600
	544.7	0.2316	0.2421	534.1	0.2320	0.2069	522.2	0.2382	0.1657	505.1	0.2532	0.1189				610
	548.5	0.2070	0.2948	538.1	0.2035	0.2144	526.9	0.2056	0.1725	512.6	0.2152	0.1236	480.7	0.2542	0.0721	620
	551.2	0.1869	0.2561	540.8	0.1802	0.2206	529.9	0.1789	0.1781	516.9	0.1847	0.1279	493.9	0.2029	0.0709	630
	552.9	0.1721	0.2607	542.7	0.1629	0.2252	531.9	0.1592	0.1823	519.5	0.1621	0.1312	499.8	0.1757	0.0720	640
	554.7	0.1560	0.2658	544.4	0.1442	0.2302	533.8	0.1376	0.1869	521.8	0.1375	0.1349	504.4	0.1470	0.0738	660
	555.2	0.1507	0.2674	545.0	0.1380	0.2319	534.3	0.1305	0.1884	522.6	0.1294	0.1361	505.7	0.1376	0.0744	680
	555.4	0.1495	0.2678	545.1	0.1365	0.2323	534.5	0.1288	0.1887	522.7	0.1274	0.1364	506.0	0.1353	0.0746	700
	555.4	0.1491	0.2679	545.1	0.1360	0.2324	534.5	0.1282	0.1889	522.8	0.1268	0.1365	506.1	0.1346	0.0746	750
																−830

Plaque	B₁₀	Y₁₀	ΔY_M	W_C–G	W from Eq. (9)
1	71.93	83.61	−16.39	−20	−19.3
2	75.73	85.40	−14.60	5	15.6
3	77.87	85.34	−14.66	25	14.4
4	82.36	87.64	−12.36	50	59.3
5	85.14	87.79	−12.21	70	62.2
6	87.53	87.75	−12.51	90	88.7
7	90.49	88.92	−9.34	105	113.5
8	91.50	88.60	−8.23	130	122.2
9	95.17	88.92	−4.51	150	151.4
10	97.92	88.32	−1.88	175	172.0
11	100.10	89.55	0.086	185	187.4
12	103.35	90.39	2.93	210	209.7

λ₁	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y
	Y_M = 95%			Y_M = 90%			Y_M = 80%			Y_M = 70%			Y_M = 60%
360−
380	626.1	0.2875	0.3320	611.0	0.2640	0.3331	591.8	0.2232	0.3290	577.8	0.1916	0.3164	566.1	0.1674	0.2959
430	626.5	0.2591	0.3518	611.2	0.2704	0.3542	591.9	0.2273	0.3525	577.9	0.1936	0.3414	566.2	0.1673	0.3217
450	628.5	0.3208	0.4108	612.4	0.2931	0.4181	592.7	0.2432	0.4259	578.5	0.2027	0.4224	566.7	0.1697	0.4080
460	631.1	0.3431	0.4526	613.8	0.3135	0.4650	593.6	0.2590	0.4825	579.2	0.2134	0.4879	567.3	0.1752	0.4813
470	635.5	0.3703	0.4934	616.0	0.3393	0.5115	595.0	0.2806	0.5417	580.2	0.2300	0.5602	568.3	0.1862	0.5665
480	644.5	0.3989	0.5198	619.6	0.3672	0.5432	597.1	0.3059	0.5885	581.8	0.2516	0.6177	569.7	0.2036	0.6388
490	704.2	0.4277	0.5269	626.0	0.3960	0.5537	600.4	0.3336	0.6046	584.2	0.2769	0.6475	571.8	0.2265	0.6810
500				640.4	0.4284	0.5444	605.8	0.3660	0.6003	588.1	0.3077	0.6508	575.0	0.2559	0.6927
510							615.8	0.4099	0.5736	594.9	0.3501	0.6293	580.1	0.2967	0.6777
520							642.9	0.4675	0.5249	606.4	0.4078	0.5826	588.6	0.3515	0.6364
530										630.2	0.4795	0.5163	602.2	0.4216	0.5730
540													626.5	0.5019	0.4959
	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	Y	λ₁	x	Y	λ₁	x	y	λ₂
	Y_M = 95%			Y_M = 90%			Y_M = 80%			Y_M = 70%			Y_M = 60%

	476.5	0.3304	0.3346													500
	512.1	0.3182	0.3190	500.9	0.3260	0.3098										520
	534.6	0.3150	0.3194	529.0	0.3181	0.3091	515.7	0.3277	0.2867	490.5	0.3474	0.2668				540
	554.8	0.3116	0.3208	549.6	0.3115	0.3117	539.2	0.3139	0.2909	528.2	0.3202	0.2669	514.5	0.3314	0.2398	560
	573.9	0.3067	0.3231	568.1	0.3021	0.3159	557.2	0.2966	0.2980	547.0	0.2954	0.2759	536.4	0.2983	0.2498	580
	591.4	0.2999	0.3262	583.9	0.2893	0.3216	571.5	0.2734	0.3078	560.4	0.2633	0.2884	550.0	0.2582	0.2637	600
	607.1	0.2934	0.3292	597.3	0.2763	0.3275	582.0	0.2489	0.3182	569.8	0.2291	0.3017	558.8	0.2154	0.2789	620
	617.9	0.2898	0.3309	605.6	0.2686	0.3310	588.0	0.2331	0.3249	574.9	0.2063	0.3106	563.5	0.1863	0.2892	640
	623.5	0.2882	0.3317	609.4	0.2653	0.3325	590.7	0.2261	0.3278	576.9	0.1960	0.3147	565.3	0.1731	0.2939	660
	625.5	0.2877	0.3319	610.6	0.2643	0.3329	591.5	0.2239	0.3287	577.6	0.1927	0.3160	565.9	0.1688	0.2954	680
	626.0	0.2876	0.3320	610.9	0.2640	0.3330	591.7	0.2234	0.3290	577.8	0.1919	0.3163	566.1	0.1677	0.2958	700
	626.1	0.2875	0.3320	611.0	0.2640	0.3331	591.8	0.2232	0.3290	577.8	0.1916	0.3164	566.1	0.1674	0.2959	750
																−830

λ₁	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y	λ₂	x	y
	Y_M = 50%			Y_M = 40%			Y_M = 30%			Y_M = 20%			Y_M = 10%

360−
380	555.4	0.1491	0.2679	545.1	0.1360	0.2324	534.5	0.1282	0.1889	522.8	0.1268	0.1365	506.1	0.1346	0.0746
430	555.5	0.1471	0.2935	545.2	0.1324	0.2567	534.6	0.1234	0.2104	522.9	0.1212	0.1536	506.3	0.1294	0.0850
450	556.0	0.1432	0.3223	545.7	0.1225	0.3442	535.1	0.1081	0.2915	523.5	0.1023	0.2210	507.3	0.1108	0.1281
460	556.6	0.1431	0.4617	546.3	0.1166	0.4272	535.7	0.0964	0.3739	524.2	0.0855	0.2949	508.5	0.0925	0.1804
470	557.4	0.1478	0.5594	547.1	0.1140	0.5362	536.6	0.0853	0.4908	525.2	0.0654	0.4113	510.1	0.0662	0.2749
480	558.7	0.1601	0.6484	548.4	0.1198	0.6437	537.9	0.0822	0.6182	526.8	0.0501	0.5567	512.4	0.0369	0.4205
490	560.6	0.1802	0.7053	550.2	0.1361	0.7190	539.9	0.0927	0.7177	528.9	0.0504	0.6888	515.5	0.0184	0.5906
500	563.5	0.2083	0.7272	553.0	0.1630	0.7543	542.7	0.1178	0.7722	532.0	0.0708	0.7743	519.6	0.0242	0.7335
510	568.2	0.2484	0.7192	557.4	0.2032	0.7549	547.1	0.1589	0.7850	536.6	0.1128	0.8081	525.2	0.0621	0.8161
520	575.3	0.3018	0.6830	563.9	0.2564	0.7238	553.3	0.2137	0.7597	543.0	0.1711	0.7916	532.3	0.1261	0.8187
530	585.6	0.3680.	0.6251	572.9	0.3207	0.6704	561.7	0.2776	0.7104	551.2	0.2371	0.7461	540.9	0.1970	0.7780
540	600.6	0.4458	0.5514	584.4	0.3939	0.6024	571.9	0.3482	0.6470	560.8	0.3066	0.6866	550.4	0.2679	0.7221
560				623.7	0.5578	0.4414	599.3	0.5054	0.4935	583.4	0.4563	0.5424	571.1	0.4127	0.5856
580										615.5	0.6058	0.3936	594.7	0.5578	0.4415
600													625.5	0.6674	0.3324
	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₁	x	y	λ₂
	Y_M = 50%			Y_M = 40%			Y_M = 30%			Y_M = 20%			Y_M = 10%

	487.1	0.3561	0.2158													560
	512.9	0.3278	0.2140	481.8	0.3587	0.1891										570
	525.0	0.3058	0.2196	509.8	0.3197	0.1856	468.3	0.3750	0.1702							580
	533.3	0.2827	0.2264	521.3	0.2914	0.1917	503.4	0.3085	0.1534							590
	539.6	0.2578	0.2340	528.6	0.2623	0.1990	515.1	0.2731	0.1588	489.0	0.2989	0.1167				600
	544.7	0.2316	0.2421	534.1	0.2320	0.2069	522.2	0.2382	0.1657	505.1	0.2532	0.1189				610
	548.5	0.2070	0.2948	538.1	0.2035	0.2144	526.9	0.2056	0.1725	512.6	0.2152	0.1236	480.7	0.2542	0.0721	620
	551.2	0.1869	0.2561	540.8	0.1802	0.2206	529.9	0.1789	0.1781	516.9	0.1847	0.1279	493.9	0.2029	0.0709	630
	552.9	0.1721	0.2607	542.7	0.1629	0.2252	531.9	0.1592	0.1823	519.5	0.1621	0.1312	499.8	0.1757	0.0720	640
	554.7	0.1560	0.2658	544.4	0.1442	0.2302	533.8	0.1376	0.1869	521.8	0.1375	0.1349	504.4	0.1470	0.0738	660
	555.2	0.1507	0.2674	545.0	0.1380	0.2319	534.3	0.1305	0.1884	522.6	0.1294	0.1361	505.7	0.1376	0.0744	680
	555.4	0.1495	0.2678	545.1	0.1365	0.2323	534.5	0.1288	0.1887	522.7	0.1274	0.1364	506.0	0.1353	0.0746	700
	555.4	0.1491	0.2679	545.1	0.1360	0.2324	534.5	0.1282	0.1889	522.8	0.1268	0.1365	506.1	0.1346	0.0746	750
																−830

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (2)

Tables (2)

Equations (10)

Journal of the Optical Society of America