High-Altitude Platform for Free-Space Optical Communication: Performance Evaluation and Reliability Analysis

Manish Sharma; D. Chadha; Vinod Chandra

doi:10.1364/JOCN.8.000600

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
Vol. 8,
Issue 8,
pp. 600-609
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.8.000600

High-Altitude Platform for Free-Space Optical Communication: Performance Evaluation and Reliability Analysis

Manish Sharma, D. Chadha, and Vinod Chandra

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Manish Sharma, D. Chadha, and Vinod Chandra, "High-Altitude Platform for Free-Space Optical Communication: Performance Evaluation and Reliability Analysis," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 8, 600-609 (2016)

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Abstract

High-altitude platforms (HAPs) have been proposed previously for transmitting radio frequency signals from ground stations over large distances of several hundred kilometers. These HAP architectures suffer from the limitations of data rate. The availability of the system has also not been evaluated for these architectures. In this paper, we propose a high-capacity and highly reliable optical wireless multi-hop HAP network configuration with free-space optical links from the ground stations and between the serial HAPs in the stratosphere. In the proposed scheme, communication services for long distance requiring very high bandwidth are transmitted optically from the ground station to the HAP station in the stratosphere, where it can cover distances of several hundreds of kilometers on the free-space optical links with serial multiple hops and be transmitted back optically to the distant ground receiver. In order to increase reliability and availability, particularly with reference to fading of vertical links due to atmospheric conditions, alternate slant links are added as redundant paths. The closed-form expressions for the average bit error rate and average channel capacity are derived assuming the composite channel model, which includes atmospheric attenuation, turbulence, and pointing errors. The gamma–gamma distribution with beam wander effect is used to model the atmospheric turbulence. Beam optimization is also done using the Nelder–Mead simplex algorithm. The effects of beam wandering and random pointing error are mitigated by using multi-hop HAP architecture. Link availability and system downtime of the complete ground-to-ground FSO network and reconfigured architecture has been calculated for component failure and atmospheric turbulence, moderate fog, rain, and snow. The proposed reconfigured architecture has high availability, meeting telecom requirements, and high mean time between failures and lower system downtime.

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Equations (26)

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Parameter	Value
Wind speed, $v$	11 m/s
HAP altitude, $h$	20 km
Index of refraction structure parameter (stratosphere), $C_{n}^{2}$	$2 \times 10^{- 19} m^{- 2 / 3}$
Index of refraction structure parameter, $C_{n}^{2}$	$1.5 \times 10^{- 16}$ for weak turbulence
	$8.4 \times 10^{- 15}$ for moderate turbulence
	$5 \times 10^{- 13}$ for strong turbulence
Wavelength, $λ$	1550 nm
Beam parameter, $Θ_{o}$	0
Responsivity of the detector, $R$	0.5 A/W
Total link length in the stratosphere, L	400 km
Atmospheric coherence length $r_{0}$ {from Eq. (22) for given $C_{n}^{2}$ and $h = 10 km$ [20]}	416.57 m

	Average Channel Capacity (bits/s/Hz)
	$σ_{s} / a = 1$	$σ_{s} / a = 3$		$σ_{s} / a = 5$
No. of Hops	Channel Capacity (bits/s/Hz)	Channel Capacity (bits/s/Hz)	% Capacity Reduction w.r.t. $σ_{s} / a = 1$	Channel Capacity (bits/s/Hz)	% Capacity Reduction w.r.t. $σ_{s} / a = 1$
2	4.415	1.089	75.33	0.428	90.31
3	10.36	4.755	54.1	2.121	79.53
4	12.74	7.257	43.04	3.6	71.74

	Average Bit Error Rate
Atmospheric Condition (Slant Link)	Main Architecture	Reconfigured Architecture 1	Reconfigured Architecture 2
Weak turbulence	$1.12 \times 10^{- 6}$	$2.615 \times 10^{- 6}$	$3.122 \times 10^{- 6}$
Moderate turbulence	$1.12 \times 10^{- 6}$	$7.102 \times 10^{- 6}$	$9.696 \times 10^{- 6}$
Strong turbulence	$1.12 \times 10^{- 6}$	$3.69 \times 10^{- 5}$	$7.768 \times 10^{- 5}$

Component	Failure Rates (FITs)	Reliability Values Evaluated for 10 Years
${LD}_{LP}$	1000	0.91612725
${LD}_{HP}$	2000	0.83928914
Photo detector	200	0.98263258
Tracking system	500	0.95714536
${LD}_{LP}$ transmitter electronics	50	0.99562957
${LD}_{HP}$ transmitter electronics	100	0.99127825
Receiver electronics	100	0.99127825
Optical switch	700	0.94052222

	MTBF With		Link Availability With		System Downtime in a Year With
	Component Failure	Component Failure and Atmospheric Conditions Including Turbulence, Fog, Rain, and Snow	Component Failure	Component Failure and Atmospheric Conditions Including Turbulence, Fog, Rain, and Snow	Component Failure	Component Failure and Atmospheric Conditions Including Turbulence, Fog, Rain, and Snow
Main architecture	9.15 yr	666.41 h	0.9999252	0.99107665	39.31 min	78.17 hr
Reconfigured architecture 1	12.65 yr	0.30 yr	0.99999097	0.99962680	4.74 min	3.25 hr
Reconfigured architecture 2	20.43 yr	1.11 yr	0.99999441	0.99989749	2.93 min	0.898 hr

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Journal of Optical Communications and Networking