Abstract
Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) based on 1$\,\times\,$N wavelength-selective switches (WSS) are evolving to support DWDM
networks with higher capacity and increased flexibility in wavelength
routing. Different WSS technologies can be employed to provide colorless and
steerable functionality for ring, or meshed architectures. Improvements in
specifications of WSS modules operating on the 50 GHz wavelength grid have
enabled 40 Gb/s transmission rates through extensive ROADM networks. The
same ROADMs are also expected to support 100 Gb/s transmission in the near
future. In parallel, development of lower-cost WSS technologies is allowing
ROADMs to expand into edge networks. In all these network applications,
propagation through multiple ROADMs generates transmission penalties for the
DWDM channels, which need to be factored into the network design. Such OSNR
or Q factor penalties can be induced by passband narrowing, imperfect
isolation across the signal bandwidth, insertion loss, PDL, and other
effects. The impact of these impairments depend on the transmitter and
receiver types (e.g., data rate and modulation format), and on the WSS
characteristics (e.g., insertion loss, passband width, shape, isolation
magnitude and isolation stopband). Key transmission impairments such as
bandpass narrowing, crosstalk, insertion loss, and PDL are estimated based
on experiments and numerical simulations for common data rates and
modulation formats. Implications of temporal fluctuations during power
setting throughout a ROADM network are also discussed.
© 2010 IEEE
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