Abstract
This paper analyzes an indoor positioning system that uses white lighting LEDs. Modulated
signals transmitted by the LEDs are used as the basis of time-of-arrival-based distance
estimation. The theoretical limits on the accuracy of estimation are calculated by deriving the
Cramer–Rao bound for intensity modulated windowed sinusoidal signals. Calculations for a typical
indoor scenario, assuming perfect synchronization between transmitter and receiver, but using
realistic values for other parameters show that very accurate distance estimates are achievable,
with typical errors being in the order of centimeters depending on the frequency and power of the
sinusoidal signals, the distance from the LED and the properties of the LED and the
photoreceiver.
© 2013 IEEE
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