Abstract

The morphological changes of anthracnose (fungus) -infected tomato seeds have been studied to identify the infection and characterize its effect. Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) has been utilized as a nondestructive but efficient modality for visualizing the effects of fungal infection. The cross-sectional images extracted from a stack of en face FF-OCT images showed significant changes with infection in the seed structure. First of all, the seed coat disappeared with the infection. The thickness of the seed coat of a healthy seed was measured as 28.2 µm, with a standard deviation of 1.2 µm. However, for infected seeds the gap between surface and endosperm was not appreciably observed. In addition, the measurements confirmed that the dryness of seeds did not affect the internal seed structure. The reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) image revealed that the permeability of the seed coat, which plays the vital role of protecting the seed, is also affected by the infection. These results suggest that FF-OCT has good potential for the identification of fungus-infected tomato seeds, and for many other tasks in agriculture.

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  1. F. H. D. D. Souza and J. M. FilhoThe seed coat as a modulator of seed-environment relationships in FabaceaeBraz. J. Bot.200124365375
  2. V. Radchuk and L. BorisjukPhysical, metabolic and developmental functions of the seed coatFront. Plant Sci.20145510
  3. J. C. Clements, A. V. Zvyagin, K. K. M. B. D. Silva, T. Wanner, D. D. Sampson, and W. A. CowlingOptical coherence tomography as a novel tool for non-destructive measurement of the hull thickness of lupin seedsPlant Breed.2004123266270
  4. A. H. WaniAn overview of the fungal rot of tomatoMycopath201193338
  5. F. Constable, G. Chambers, L. Penrose, A. Daly, J. Mackie, K. Davis, B. Rodoni, and M. GibbsViroid-infected tomato and capsicum seed shipments to australiaViruses20191198
  6. M. E. E. Alahi and S. C. MukhopadhyayDetection methodologies for pathogen and toxins: a reviewSensors2017171885
  7. J. Lim, G. Kim, C. Mo, K. Oh, H. Yoo, H. Ham, and M. S. KimClassification of Fusarium-infected Korean hulled barley using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysisSensors2017172258
  8. C. H. Lin, R. H. Falk, and C. R. StockingRapid chemical dehydration of plant material for light and electron microscopy with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and 2,2-diethoxypropaneAm. J. Bot.197764602605
  9. J. M. CanneA light and scanning electron microscope study of seed morphology in Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significanceSyst. Bot.19794281296
  10. E. Truernit and J. HaseloffA simple way to identify non-viable cells within living plant tissue using confocal microscopyPlant Methods2008415
  11. S. Dhondt, H. Vanhaeren, D. V. Loo, V. Cnudde, and D. InzéPlant structure visualization by high-resolution X-ray computed tomographyTrends Plant Sci.201015419422
  12. J. S. Veres, G. P. Cofer, and G. A. JohnsonDistinguishing plant tissues with magnetic resonance microscopyAm. J. Bot.19917817041711
  13. P. Upadhyay and S. P. SinghDetection methods for seed borne pathogensInt. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci.20198318323
  14. J. G. Fujimoto, C. Pitris, S. A. Boppart, and M. E. BrezinskiOptical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsyNeoplasia20002925
  15. J. P. Kolb, W. Draxinger, J. Klee, T. Pfeiffer, M. Eibl, T. Klein, W. Wieser, and R. HuberLive video rate volumetric OCT imaging of the retina with multi-MHz A-scan ratesPLoS One201914e0213144
  16. V. V. Sapozhnikova, V. A. Kamenskii, and R. V. KuranovVisualization of plant tissues by optical coherence tomographyRuss. J. Plant Physiol.200350282286
  17. I. S. Kutis, V. V. Sapozhnikova, R. V. Kuranov, and V. A. KamenskiiStudy of the morphological and functional state of higher plant tissues by optical coherence microscopy and optical coherence tomographyRuss. J. Plant Physiol.200552559564
  18. M. Boccara, W. Schwartz, E. Guiot, and G. VidalEarly chloroplastic alterations analyzed by optical coherence tomography during a harpin-induced hypersensitive responsePlant J.200750338346
  19. W. J. Choi, J. H. Na, S. Y. Ryu, B. H. Lee, and D. S. KoRealization of 3-D topographic and tomographic images with ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomographyJ. Opt. Soc. Korea2007111825

Other (19)

F. H. D. D. Souza and J. M. FilhoThe seed coat as a modulator of seed-environment relationships in FabaceaeBraz. J. Bot.200124365375

V. Radchuk and L. BorisjukPhysical, metabolic and developmental functions of the seed coatFront. Plant Sci.20145510

J. C. Clements, A. V. Zvyagin, K. K. M. B. D. Silva, T. Wanner, D. D. Sampson, and W. A. CowlingOptical coherence tomography as a novel tool for non-destructive measurement of the hull thickness of lupin seedsPlant Breed.2004123266270

A. H. WaniAn overview of the fungal rot of tomatoMycopath201193338

F. Constable, G. Chambers, L. Penrose, A. Daly, J. Mackie, K. Davis, B. Rodoni, and M. GibbsViroid-infected tomato and capsicum seed shipments to australiaViruses20191198

M. E. E. Alahi and S. C. MukhopadhyayDetection methodologies for pathogen and toxins: a reviewSensors2017171885

J. Lim, G. Kim, C. Mo, K. Oh, H. Yoo, H. Ham, and M. S. KimClassification of Fusarium-infected Korean hulled barley using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and partial least squares discriminant analysisSensors2017172258

C. H. Lin, R. H. Falk, and C. R. StockingRapid chemical dehydration of plant material for light and electron microscopy with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and 2,2-diethoxypropaneAm. J. Bot.197764602605

J. M. CanneA light and scanning electron microscope study of seed morphology in Agalinis (Scrophulariaceae) and its taxonomic significanceSyst. Bot.19794281296

E. Truernit and J. HaseloffA simple way to identify non-viable cells within living plant tissue using confocal microscopyPlant Methods2008415

S. Dhondt, H. Vanhaeren, D. V. Loo, V. Cnudde, and D. InzéPlant structure visualization by high-resolution X-ray computed tomographyTrends Plant Sci.201015419422

J. S. Veres, G. P. Cofer, and G. A. JohnsonDistinguishing plant tissues with magnetic resonance microscopyAm. J. Bot.19917817041711

P. Upadhyay and S. P. SinghDetection methods for seed borne pathogensInt. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci.20198318323

J. G. Fujimoto, C. Pitris, S. A. Boppart, and M. E. BrezinskiOptical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsyNeoplasia20002925

J. P. Kolb, W. Draxinger, J. Klee, T. Pfeiffer, M. Eibl, T. Klein, W. Wieser, and R. HuberLive video rate volumetric OCT imaging of the retina with multi-MHz A-scan ratesPLoS One201914e0213144

V. V. Sapozhnikova, V. A. Kamenskii, and R. V. KuranovVisualization of plant tissues by optical coherence tomographyRuss. J. Plant Physiol.200350282286

I. S. Kutis, V. V. Sapozhnikova, R. V. Kuranov, and V. A. KamenskiiStudy of the morphological and functional state of higher plant tissues by optical coherence microscopy and optical coherence tomographyRuss. J. Plant Physiol.200552559564

M. Boccara, W. Schwartz, E. Guiot, and G. VidalEarly chloroplastic alterations analyzed by optical coherence tomography during a harpin-induced hypersensitive responsePlant J.200750338346

W. J. Choi, J. H. Na, S. Y. Ryu, B. H. Lee, and D. S. KoRealization of 3-D topographic and tomographic images with ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomographyJ. Opt. Soc. Korea2007111825

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