Abstract

Automated detection and grading of angiographic high-risk features in diabetic retinopathy can potentially enhance screening and clinical care. We have previously identified capillary dilation in angiograms of the deep plexus in optical coherence tomography angiography as a feature associated with severe diabetic retinopathy. In this study, we present an automated algorithm that uses hybrid contrast to distinguish angiograms with dilated capillaries from healthy controls and then applies saliency measurement to map the extent of the dilated capillary networks. The proposed algorithm agreed well with human grading.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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  1. Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2016 (7)

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (6)

S. S. Gao, G. Liu, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Optimization of the split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm on a spectral optical coherence tomography system,” Opt. Lett. 40(10), 2305–2308 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Liu, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated choroidal neovascularization detection algorithm for optical coherence tomography angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(9), 3564–3576 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Yousefi, T. Liu, and R. K. Wang, “Segmentation and quantification of blood vessels for OCT-based micro-angiograms using hybrid shape/intensity compounding,” Microvasc. Res. 97, 37–46 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (3)

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Su, C. Sun, C. Zhang, and T. D. Pham, “A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation, oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information,” Pattern Recognit. 47(10), 3193–3208 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

1998 (1)

L. Itti, C. Koch, and E. Niebur, “A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(11), 1254–1259 (1998).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group, “Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. ETDRS report number 11,” Ophthalmology 98(5Suppl), 807–822 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1979 (1)

N. Otsu, “A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9(1), 62–66 (1979).
[Crossref]

Armour, R. L.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bailey, S. T.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Liu, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated choroidal neovascularization detection algorithm for optical coherence tomography angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(9), 3564–3576 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Balaratnasingam, C.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baumann, B.

Bhavsar, K.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bock, R.

Camino, A.

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Campbell, J. P.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chan, G.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chandwani, R.

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, C.-L.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chu, Z.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cringle, S. J.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dongye, C.

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dutoit, T.

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Duvinage, M.

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Edmunds, B.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Flaxel, C. J.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fujimoto, J. G.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. F. Kraus, B. Potsaid, M. A. Mayer, R. Bock, B. Baumann, J. J. Liu, J. Hornegger, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Motion correction in optical coherence tomography volumes on a per A-scan basis using orthogonal scan patterns,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(6), 1182–1199 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, O. Tan, J. Tokayer, B. Potsaid, Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, M. F. Kraus, H. Subhash, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Hornegger, and D. Huang, “Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 20(4), 4710–4725 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gao, C.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gao, S. S.

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. S. Gao, G. Liu, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Optimization of the split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm on a spectral optical coherence tomography system,” Opt. Lett. 40(10), 2305–2308 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Liu, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated choroidal neovascularization detection algorithm for optical coherence tomography angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(9), 3564–3576 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gattey, D. M.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gosselin, B.

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Gregori, G.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hornegger, J.

Huang, D.

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Liu, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated choroidal neovascularization detection algorithm for optical coherence tomography angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(9), 3564–3576 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. S. Gao, G. Liu, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Optimization of the split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm on a spectral optical coherence tomography system,” Opt. Lett. 40(10), 2305–2308 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, O. Tan, J. Tokayer, B. Potsaid, Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, M. F. Kraus, H. Subhash, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Hornegger, and D. Huang, “Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 20(4), 4710–4725 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hwang, T. S.

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Itti, L.

L. Itti, C. Koch, and E. Niebur, “A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(11), 1254–1259 (1998).
[Crossref]

Jia, Y.

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. S. Gao, G. Liu, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Optimization of the split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography algorithm on a spectral optical coherence tomography system,” Opt. Lett. 40(10), 2305–2308 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Liu, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated choroidal neovascularization detection algorithm for optical coherence tomography angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(9), 3564–3576 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, O. Tan, J. Tokayer, B. Potsaid, Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, M. F. Kraus, H. Subhash, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Hornegger, and D. Huang, “Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 20(4), 4710–4725 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Klein, M. L.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koch, C.

L. Itti, C. Koch, and E. Niebur, “A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(11), 1254–1259 (1998).
[Crossref]

Kraus, M. F.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. F. Kraus, B. Potsaid, M. A. Mayer, R. Bock, B. Baumann, J. J. Liu, J. Hornegger, and J. G. Fujimoto, “Motion correction in optical coherence tomography volumes on a per A-scan basis using orthogonal scan patterns,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(6), 1182–1199 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, O. Tan, J. Tokayer, B. Potsaid, Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, M. F. Kraus, H. Subhash, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Hornegger, and D. Huang, “Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 20(4), 4710–4725 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lauer, A. K.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, D.

Lin, J.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, P.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, G.

Liu, J. J.

Liu, L.

Liu, T.

S. Yousefi, T. Liu, and R. K. Wang, “Segmentation and quantification of blood vessels for OCT-based micro-angiograms using hybrid shape/intensity compounding,” Microvasc. Res. 97, 37–46 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lombardi, L. H.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, C. D.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lujan, B.

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mancas, M.

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Mayer, M. A.

McAllister, I. L.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McClintic, S. M.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mibulumukini, M.

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Morgan, W. H.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Morrison, J. C.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Niebur, E.

L. Itti, C. Koch, and E. Niebur, “A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(11), 1254–1259 (1998).
[Crossref]

Otsu, N.

N. Otsu, “A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9(1), 62–66 (1979).
[Crossref]

Parikh, M.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pechauer, A. D.

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pennesi, M. E.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pham, T. D.

R. Su, C. Sun, C. Zhang, and T. D. Pham, “A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation, oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information,” Pattern Recognit. 47(10), 3193–3208 (2014).
[Crossref]

Potsaid, B.

Riche, N.

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Roisman, L.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rosenfeld, P. J.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Su, J. P.

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Su, R.

R. Su, C. Sun, C. Zhang, and T. D. Pham, “A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation, oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information,” Pattern Recognit. 47(10), 3193–3208 (2014).
[Crossref]

Subhash, H.

Sun, C.

R. Su, C. Sun, C. Zhang, and T. D. Pham, “A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation, oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information,” Pattern Recognit. 47(10), 3193–3208 (2014).
[Crossref]

Tan, O.

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, O. Tan, J. Tokayer, B. Potsaid, Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, M. F. Kraus, H. Subhash, J. G. Fujimoto, J. Hornegger, and D. Huang, “Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 20(4), 4710–4725 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tokayer, J.

Wang, J.

Wang, R. K.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Yousefi, T. Liu, and R. K. Wang, “Segmentation and quantification of blood vessels for OCT-based micro-angiograms using hybrid shape/intensity compounding,” Microvasc. Res. 97, 37–46 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, X.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, Y.

Wei, E.

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wilson, D. J.

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xin, C.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yousefi, S.

S. Yousefi, T. Liu, and R. K. Wang, “Segmentation and quantification of blood vessels for OCT-based micro-angiograms using hybrid shape/intensity compounding,” Microvasc. Res. 97, 37–46 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yu, D.-Y.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yu, P. K.

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zang, P.

Zhang, C.

R. Su, C. Sun, C. Zhang, and T. D. Pham, “A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation, oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information,” Pattern Recognit. 47(10), 3193–3208 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zhang, M.

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zang, G. Liu, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, D. Li, and Y. Jia, “Automated motion correction using parallel-strip registration for wide-field en face OCT angiogram,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(7), 2823–2836 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, T. S. Hwang, J. P. Campbell, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography,” Biomed. Opt. Express 7(3), 816–828 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Zhang, J. Wang, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, L. Liu, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Advanced image processing for optical coherence tomographic angiography of macular diseases,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6(12), 4661–4675 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Q.

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, X.

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biomed. Opt. Express (5)

IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. (1)

L. Itti, C. Koch, and E. Niebur, “A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 20(11), 1254–1259 (1998).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. (1)

N. Otsu, “A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms,” IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 9(1), 62–66 (1979).
[Crossref]

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (1)

G. Chan, C. Balaratnasingam, P. K. Yu, W. H. Morgan, I. L. McAllister, S. J. Cringle, and D.-Y. Yu, “Quantitative Morphometry of Perifoveal Capillary Networks in the Human Retina,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(9), 5502–5514 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (2)

Z. Chu, J. Lin, C. Gao, C. Xin, Q. Zhang, C.-L. Chen, L. Roisman, G. Gregori, P. J. Rosenfeld, and R. K. Wang, “Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(6), 066008 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. P. Su, R. Chandwani, S. S. Gao, A. D. Pechauer, M. Zhang, J. Wang, Y. Jia, D. Huang, and G. Liu, “Calibration of optical coherence tomography angiography with a microfluidic chip,” J. Biomed. Opt. 21(8), 086015 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

JAMA Ophthalmol. (2)

T. S. Hwang, M. Zhang, K. Bhavsar, X. Zhang, J. P. Campbell, P. Lin, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Visualization of 3 Distinct Retinal Plexuses by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetic Retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(12), 1411–1419 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Hwang, S. S. Gao, L. Liu, A. K. Lauer, S. T. Bailey, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated quantification of capillary nonperfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy,” JAMA Ophthalmol. 134(4), 367–373 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Microvasc. Res. (1)

S. Yousefi, T. Liu, and R. K. Wang, “Segmentation and quantification of blood vessels for OCT-based micro-angiograms using hybrid shape/intensity compounding,” Microvasc. Res. 97, 37–46 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ophthalmology (3)

Y. Jia, E. Wei, X. Wang, X. Zhang, J. C. Morrison, M. Parikh, L. H. Lombardi, D. M. Gattey, R. L. Armour, B. Edmunds, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic disc perfusion in glaucoma,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1322–1332 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, D. J. Wilson, O. Tan, M. L. Klein, C. J. Flaxel, B. Potsaid, J. J. Liu, C. D. Lu, M. F. Kraus, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration,” Ophthalmology 121(7), 1435–1444 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group, “Classification of diabetic retinopathy from fluorescein angiograms. ETDRS report number 11,” Ophthalmology 98(5Suppl), 807–822 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Pattern Recognit. (1)

R. Su, C. Sun, C. Zhang, and T. D. Pham, “A new method for linear feature and junction enhancement in 2D images based on morphological operation, oriented anisotropic Gaussian function and Hessian information,” Pattern Recognit. 47(10), 3193–3208 (2014).
[Crossref]

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1)

Y. Jia, S. T. Bailey, T. S. Hwang, S. M. McClintic, S. S. Gao, M. E. Pennesi, C. J. Flaxel, A. K. Lauer, D. J. Wilson, J. Hornegger, J. G. Fujimoto, and D. Huang, “Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of vascular abnormalities in the living human eye,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112(18), E2395–E2402 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. (1)

A. Camino, M. Zhang, C. Dongye, A. D. Pechauer, T. S. Hwang, S. T. Bailey, B. Lujan, D. J. Wilson, D. Huang, and Y. Jia, “Automated registration and enhanced processing of clinical optical coherence tomography angiography,” Quant. Imaging Med. Surg. 6(4), 391–401 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Retina (1)

T. S. Hwang, Y. Jia, S. S. Gao, S. T. Bailey, A. K. Lauer, C. J. Flaxel, D. J. Wilson, and D. Huang, “Optical coherence tomography angiography features of diabetic retinopathy,” Retina 35(11), 2371–2376 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Signal Process. Image Commun. (1)

N. Riche, M. Mancas, M. Duvinage, M. Mibulumukini, B. Gosselin, and T. Dutoit, “RARE2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis,” Signal Process. Image Commun. 28(6), 642–658 (2013).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

D. G. Altman, Practical Statistics for Medical Research (CRC press, 1990).

H.-H. Yeh and C.-S. Chen, “From rareness to compactness: Contrast-aware image saliency detection,” in Image Processing (ICIP),201219th IEEE International Conference on(IEEE, 2012), pp. 1077–1080.
[Crossref]

A. F. Frangi, W. J. Niessen, K. L. Vincken, and M. A. Viergever, “Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering,” in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Interventation—MICCAI’98(Springer, 1998), pp. 130–137.

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Overview of the developed dilated capillaries detection algorithm. DCP: deep capillary plexus.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Illustration of detecting dilated capillaries by the proposed techniques. (A) Original en face deep capillary plexus (DCP) angiogram. (B) Denoised DCP angiogram. (C) Hybrid contrast ratio map combining global contrast and local contrast. (D) Enhanced DCP angiogram by Gabor filtering. (E) Saliency map. (F) The potential regions of dilated capillaries detected by incorporating the saliency and contrast ratio maps. (G) Extracted dilated capillaries.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 The comparison of DCP angiograms and their hybrid contrast ratio maps between healthy participants and DR participants with dilated capillaries. The first column shows examples of DCP angiograms with normal vessels. The second column shows the corresponding hybrid contrast ratio maps. The third column shows DCP angiograms with dilated capillaries. The fourth column shows the corresponding hybrid contrast ratio maps.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 The plot of maximum hybrid contrast ratio in one scan of each participant. The cutoff of 0.3 can completely separate the healthy eyes (blue bars) and the DR eyes with dilated capillaries (red bars).

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Comparison of detection of dilated capillaries between the automated algorithm and human grading. The top row shows the DCP angiograms. The second row shows the dilated capillaries that were extracted by the proposed algorithm. The bottom row shows the results of human grading.

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Equations (8)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

R b = | λ 1 | | λ 2 |
S= λ 1 2 + λ 2 2
V= e R b β 1 (1− e S β 2 )
GC(x,y) = I(x,y) mean( I )
LC(x,y)= w c (x,y) w s (x,y)
Acc= tp+tn tp+fp+tn+fn
Se= tp tp+fn
Sp= tn tn+fp

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