Characterizing the microstructures of biological tissues using Mueller matrix and transformed polarization parameters

Minghao Sun; Honghui He; Nan Zeng; E Du; Yihong Guo; Shaoxiong Liu; Jian Wu; Yonghong He; Hui Ma

doi:10.1364/BOE.5.004223

Characterizing the microstructures of biological tissues using Mueller matrix and transformed polarization parameters

Minghao Sun, Honghui He, Nan Zeng, E Du, Yihong Guo, Shaoxiong Liu, Jian Wu, Yonghong He, and Hui Ma

Biomedical Optics Express
Vol. 5,
Issue 12,
pp. 4223-4234
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.5.004223

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Minghao Sun, Honghui He, Nan Zeng, E Du, Yihong Guo, Shaoxiong Liu, Jian Wu, Yonghong He, and Hui Ma, "Characterizing the microstructures of biological tissues using Mueller matrix and transformed polarization parameters," Biomed. Opt. Express 5, 4223-4234 (2014)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Optics of Tissue and Turbid Media
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Polarimetric imaging (110.5405)
- Medical and biological imaging (170.3880)
- Scattering, polarization (290.5855)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 15, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: November 4, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: November 5, 2014
- Published: November 11, 2014

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Open Access

Abstract

Mueller matrices can be used as a powerful tool to probe qualitatively the microstructures of biological tissues. Certain transformation processes can provide new sets of parameters which are functions of the Mueller matrix elements but represent more explicitly the characteristic features of the sample. In this paper, we take the backscattering Mueller matrices of a group of tissues with distinctive structural properties. Using both experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate qualitatively the characteristic features of Mueller matrices corresponding to different structural and optical properties. We also calculate two sets of transformed polarization parameters using the Mueller matrix transformation (MMT) and Mueller matrix polar decomposition (MMPD) techniques. We demonstrate that the new parameters can separate the effects due to sample orientation and present quantitatively certain characteristic features of these tissues. Finally, we apply the transformed polarization parameters to the unstained human cervix cancerous tissues. Preliminary results show that the transformed polarization parameters can provide characteristic information to distinguish the cancerous and healthy tissues.

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References

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Publication

R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. S. Nerbø, S. Le Roy, M. Foldyna, E. Søndergård, and M. Kildemo, “Real-time in situ Mueller matrix ellipsometry of GaSb nanopillars: observation of anisotropic local alignment,” Opt. Express 19(13), 12551–12561 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Peng, T. Ding, and P. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light through textile material,” Appl. Opt. 51(26), 6325–6334 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Kunnen, C. Macdonald, A. Doronin, S. Jacques, M. Eccles, and I. Meglinski, “Application of circularly polarized light for non-invasive diagnosis of cancerous tissues and turbid tissue-like scattering media,” J. Biophotonics, DOI: .
[Crossref]
R. R. Anderson, “Polarized light examination and photography of the skin,” Arch. Dermatol. 127(7), 1000–1005 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med. 26(2), 119–129 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 329–340 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Ghosh and I. A. Vitkin, “Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(11), 110801 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. He, N. Zeng, E. Du, Y. Guo, D. Li, R. Liao, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Two-dimensional and surface backscattering Mueller matrices of anisotropic sphere-cylinder scattering media: a quantitative study of influence from fibrous scatterers,” J. Biomed. Opt. 18(4), 046002 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Sun, H. He, N. Zeng, E. Du, Y. Guo, C. Peng, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Probing microstructural information of anisotropic scattering media using rotation-independent polarization parameters,” Appl. Opt. 53(14), 2949–2955 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. He, N. Zeng, E. Du, Y. Guo, D. Li, R. Liao, and H. Ma, “A possible quantitative Mueller matrix transformation technique for anisotropic scattering media,” Photon. Lasers Med. 2(2), 129–137 (2013).
[Crossref]
E. Du, H. He, N. Zeng, M. Sun, Y. Guo, J. Wu, S. Liu, and H. Ma, “Mueller matrix polarimetry for differentiating characteristic features of cancerous tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt. 19(7), 076013 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Y. Lu and R. A. Chipman, “Interpretation of Mueller matrix based on polar decomposition,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(5), 1106–1113 (1996).
[Crossref]
M. R. Antonelli, A. Pierangelo, T. Novikova, P. Validire, A. Benali, B. Gayet, and A. De Martino, “Impact of model parameters on Monte Carlo simulations of backscattering Mueller matrix images of colon tissue,” Biomed. Opt. Express 2(7), 1836–1851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Ghosh, M. F. G. Wood, S. H. Li, R. D. Weisel, B. C. Wilson, R. K. Li, and I. A. Vitkin, “Mueller matrix decomposition for polarized light assessment of biological tissues,” J Biophotonics 2(3), 145–156 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Dubreuil, P. Babilotte, L. Martin, D. Sevrain, S. Rivet, Y. Le Grand, G. Le Brun, B. Turlin, and B. Le Jeune, “Mueller matrix polarimetry for improved liver fibrosis diagnosis,” Opt. Lett. 37(6), 1061–1063 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. M. A. Azzam, “Photopolarimetric measurement of the Mueller matrix by Fourier analysis of a single detected signal,” Opt. Lett. 2(6), 148–150 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. H. Goldstein, “Mueller matrix dual-rotating retarder polarimeter,” Appl. Opt. 31(31), 6676–6683 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. H. Goldstein and R. A. Chipman, “Error analysis of a Mueller matrix polarimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7(4), 693–700 (1990).
[Crossref]
T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Du, H. He, N. Zeng, Y. Guo, R. Liao, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Two-dimensional backscattering Mueller matrix of sphere-cylinder birefringence media,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(12), 126016 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Guo, N. Zeng, H. He, T. Yun, E. Du, R. Liao, Y. He, and H. Ma, “A study on forward scattering Mueller matrix decomposition in anisotropic medium,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18361–18370 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism: principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields. (Oxford University Press, 1995), Fig. 6.3.
R. Liao, N. Zeng, X. Jiang, D. Li, T. Yun, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Rotating linear polarization imaging for quantitative characterization of anisotropic tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(3), 036014 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Pierangelo, A. Nazac, A. Benali, P. Validire, H. Cohen, T. Novikova, B. H. Ibrahim, S. Manhas, C. Fallet, M. R. Antonelli, and A. D. Martino, “Polarimetric imaging of uterine cervix: a case study,” Opt. Express 21(12), 14120–14130 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Novikova, A. Pierangelo, S. Manhas, A. Benali, P. Validire, B. Gayet, and A. Martino, “The origins of polarimetric image contrast between healthy and cancerous human colon tissue,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(24), 241103 (2013).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

E. Du, H. He, N. Zeng, M. Sun, Y. Guo, J. Wu, S. Liu, and H. Ma, “Mueller matrix polarimetry for differentiating characteristic features of cancerous tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt. 19(7), 076013 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Sun, H. He, N. Zeng, E. Du, Y. Guo, C. Peng, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Probing microstructural information of anisotropic scattering media using rotation-independent polarization parameters,” Appl. Opt. 53(14), 2949–2955 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (5)

A. Pierangelo, A. Nazac, A. Benali, P. Validire, H. Cohen, T. Novikova, B. H. Ibrahim, S. Manhas, C. Fallet, M. R. Antonelli, and A. D. Martino, “Polarimetric imaging of uterine cervix: a case study,” Opt. Express 21(12), 14120–14130 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Guo, N. Zeng, H. He, T. Yun, E. Du, R. Liao, Y. He, and H. Ma, “A study on forward scattering Mueller matrix decomposition in anisotropic medium,” Opt. Express 21(15), 18361–18370 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Novikova, A. Pierangelo, S. Manhas, A. Benali, P. Validire, B. Gayet, and A. Martino, “The origins of polarimetric image contrast between healthy and cancerous human colon tissue,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(24), 241103 (2013).
[Crossref]

H. He, N. Zeng, E. Du, Y. Guo, D. Li, R. Liao, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Two-dimensional and surface backscattering Mueller matrices of anisotropic sphere-cylinder scattering media: a quantitative study of influence from fibrous scatterers,” J. Biomed. Opt. 18(4), 046002 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. He, N. Zeng, E. Du, Y. Guo, D. Li, R. Liao, and H. Ma, “A possible quantitative Mueller matrix transformation technique for anisotropic scattering media,” Photon. Lasers Med. 2(2), 129–137 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

E. Du, H. He, N. Zeng, Y. Guo, R. Liao, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Two-dimensional backscattering Mueller matrix of sphere-cylinder birefringence media,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(12), 126016 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Dubreuil, P. Babilotte, L. Martin, D. Sevrain, S. Rivet, Y. Le Grand, G. Le Brun, B. Turlin, and B. Le Jeune, “Mueller matrix polarimetry for improved liver fibrosis diagnosis,” Opt. Lett. 37(6), 1061–1063 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Peng, T. Ding, and P. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light through textile material,” Appl. Opt. 51(26), 6325–6334 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (4)

M. R. Antonelli, A. Pierangelo, T. Novikova, P. Validire, A. Benali, B. Gayet, and A. De Martino, “Impact of model parameters on Monte Carlo simulations of backscattering Mueller matrix images of colon tissue,” Biomed. Opt. Express 2(7), 1836–1851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. S. Nerbø, S. Le Roy, M. Foldyna, E. Søndergård, and M. Kildemo, “Real-time in situ Mueller matrix ellipsometry of GaSb nanopillars: observation of anisotropic local alignment,” Opt. Express 19(13), 12551–12561 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ghosh and I. A. Vitkin, “Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(11), 110801 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

R. Liao, N. Zeng, X. Jiang, D. Li, T. Yun, Y. He, and H. Ma, “Rotating linear polarization imaging for quantitative characterization of anisotropic tissues,” J. Biomed. Opt. 15(3), 036014 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (2)

N. Ghosh, M. F. G. Wood, S. H. Li, R. D. Weisel, B. C. Wilson, R. K. Li, and I. A. Vitkin, “Mueller matrix decomposition for polarized light assessment of biological tissues,” J Biophotonics 2(3), 145–156 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 329–340 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

R. S. Gurjar, V. Backman, L. T. Perelman, I. Georgakoudi, K. Badizadegan, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Imaging human epithelial properties with polarized light-scattering spectroscopy,” Nat. Med. 7(11), 1245–1248 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (1)

S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med. 26(2), 119–129 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

S. Y. Lu and R. A. Chipman, “Interpretation of Mueller matrix based on polar decomposition,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(5), 1106–1113 (1996).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

D. H. Goldstein, “Mueller matrix dual-rotating retarder polarimeter,” Appl. Opt. 31(31), 6676–6683 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (1)

R. R. Anderson, “Polarized light examination and photography of the skin,” Arch. Dermatol. 127(7), 1000–1005 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

D. H. Goldstein and R. A. Chipman, “Error analysis of a Mueller matrix polarimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7(4), 693–700 (1990).
[Crossref]

1978 (1)

R. M. A. Azzam, “Photopolarimetric measurement of the Mueller matrix by Fourier analysis of a single detected signal,” Opt. Lett. 2(6), 148–150 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anderson, R. R.

R. R. Anderson, “Polarized light examination and photography of the skin,” Arch. Dermatol. 127(7), 1000–1005 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Antonelli, M. R.

Azzam, R. M. A.

R. M. A. Azzam, “Photopolarimetric measurement of the Mueller matrix by Fourier analysis of a single detected signal,” Opt. Lett. 2(6), 148–150 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Babilotte, P.

Backman, V.

Badizadegan, K.

Benali, A.

Chipman, R. A.

S. Y. Lu and R. A. Chipman, “Interpretation of Mueller matrix based on polar decomposition,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(5), 1106–1113 (1996).
[Crossref]

D. H. Goldstein and R. A. Chipman, “Error analysis of a Mueller matrix polarimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7(4), 693–700 (1990).
[Crossref]

Cohen, H.

Dasari, R. R.

De Martino, A.

Ding, T.

B. Peng, T. Ding, and P. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light through textile material,” Appl. Opt. 51(26), 6325–6334 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Du, E.

Dubreuil, M.

Fallet, C.

Feld, M. S.

Foldyna, M.

Freudenthal, J.

H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gayet, B.

Georgakoudi, I.

Ghosh, N.

N. Ghosh and I. A. Vitkin, “Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(11), 110801 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Goldstein, D. H.

D. H. Goldstein, “Mueller matrix dual-rotating retarder polarimeter,” Appl. Opt. 31(31), 6676–6683 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. H. Goldstein and R. A. Chipman, “Error analysis of a Mueller matrix polarimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7(4), 693–700 (1990).
[Crossref]

Guo, Y.

Gurjar, R. S.

He, H.

He, Y.

Ibrahim, B. H.

Itzkan, I.

Jacques, S. L.

S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 329–340 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med. 26(2), 119–129 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, X.

T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kahr, B.

H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kildemo, M.

Le Brun, G.

Le Grand, Y.

Le Jeune, B.

Le Roy, S.

Lee, K.

S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 329–340 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med. 26(2), 119–129 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, D.

T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, R. K.

Li, S. H.

Li, W.

T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liao, R.

Liu, S.

Lu, S. Y.

S. Y. Lu and R. A. Chipman, “Interpretation of Mueller matrix based on polar decomposition,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(5), 1106–1113 (1996).
[Crossref]

Ma, H.

T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Manhas, S.

Martin, L.

Martino, A.

Martino, A. D.

Nazac, A.

Nerbø, I. S.

Novikova, T.

Peng, B.

B. Peng, T. Ding, and P. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light through textile material,” Appl. Opt. 51(26), 6325–6334 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peng, C.

Perelman, L. T.

Pierangelo, A.

Ramella-Roman, J. C.

S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 329–340 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rivet, S.

Roman, J. R.

S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med. 26(2), 119–129 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sevrain, D.

Søndergård, E.

Sun, M.

Turlin, B.

Validire, P.

Vitkin, I. A.

N. Ghosh and I. A. Vitkin, “Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(11), 110801 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, P.

B. Peng, T. Ding, and P. Wang, “Propagation of polarized light through textile material,” Appl. Opt. 51(26), 6325–6334 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Weisel, R. D.

Wilson, B. C.

Wood, M. F. G.

Wu, J.

Xu, J.

H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ye, H. M.

H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Arch. Dermatol. (1)

R. R. Anderson, “Polarized light examination and photography of the skin,” Arch. Dermatol. 127(7), 1000–1005 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biomed. Opt. Express (1)

J Biophotonics (1)

J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1)

H. M. Ye, J. Xu, J. Freudenthal, and B. Kahr, “On the circular birefringence of polycrystalline polymers: polylactide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(35), 13848–13851 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (6)

S. L. Jacques, J. C. Ramella-Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging skin pathology with polarized light,” J. Biomed. Opt. 7(3), 329–340 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ghosh and I. A. Vitkin, “Tissue polarimetry: concepts, challenges, applications, and outlook,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(11), 110801 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (2)

S. Y. Lu and R. A. Chipman, “Interpretation of Mueller matrix based on polar decomposition,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13(5), 1106–1113 (1996).
[Crossref]

D. H. Goldstein and R. A. Chipman, “Error analysis of a Mueller matrix polarimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7(4), 693–700 (1990).
[Crossref]

Lasers Surg. Med. (1)

S. L. Jacques, J. R. Roman, and K. Lee, “Imaging superficial tissues with polarized light,” Lasers Surg. Med. 26(2), 119–129 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Med. (1)

Opt. Express (4)

T. Yun, N. Zeng, W. Li, D. Li, X. Jiang, and H. Ma, “Monte Carlo simulation of polarized photon scattering in anisotropic media,” Opt. Express 17(19), 16590–16602 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (2)

R. M. A. Azzam, “Photopolarimetric measurement of the Mueller matrix by Fourier analysis of a single detected signal,” Opt. Lett. 2(6), 148–150 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Photon. Lasers Med. (1)

Other (2)

B. Kunnen, C. Macdonald, A. Doronin, S. Jacques, M. Eccles, and I. Meglinski, “Application of circularly polarized light for non-invasive diagnosis of cancerous tissues and turbid tissue-like scattering media,” J. Biophotonics, DOI: .
[Crossref]

J. Malmivuo and R. Plonsey, Bioelectromagnetism: principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields. (Oxford University Press, 1995), Fig. 6.3.

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Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental setup for the backscattering Mueller matrix measurement. P: polarizer; QW: quarter-wave plate; L: lens. The polarized light illuminates the sample at about 20 degree to the normal to eliminate the surface reflection. The diameter of the illumination area is about 1.8 cm.

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Fig. 2 Photographs of the biological samples: (a) chicken heart tissue, (b) bovine skeletal muscle tissue, (c) porcine liver tissue, (d) porcine fat tissue. In order to show more structural details of the tissues, we choose 1 cm × 1 cm squares from the illumination areas as the imaging regions, which are marked by the red squares. For the chicken heart sample, zone 1 contains muscle fibers aligned parallel to the imaging X-Y plane, the white arrow line indicates the orientation of muscle fibers; zone 2 contains randomly oriented muscle fibers [24,25].

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Fig. 3 (a) Photograph of the 28 μm thick slice of unstained human cervix carcinoma tissue, the red circle indicates the imaging region, (b) photograph of the 4 μm thick slice of corresponding H-E stained human cervix carcinoma tissue, (c) microscope image of the H-E stained tissue of healthy region, (d) microscope image of the H-E stained tissue of cancerous region.

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Fig. 4 Experimental results of backscattering Mueller matrices of biological samples: (a) chicken heart tissue (the black arrow line in m11 indicates the approximate orientation of muscle fibers. The white square indicates the approximate area chosen for the calculation of average values of Mueller matrix elements), (b) bovine skeletal muscle tissue, (c) porcine liver tissue, (d) porcine fat tissue. All the Mueller matrix elements are normalized by the m11. The color codes are from −1 to 1 for m11, m22, m33, and m44, and from −0.1 to 0.1 for other elements. The imaging area is about 1 cm × 1 cm.

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Fig. 5 2D images of MMT and MMPD parameters of biological samples: (a) chicken heart tissue (the white square indicates the approximate area chosen for the calculation of average values of MMT and MMPD parameters), (b) bovine skeletal muscle tissue, (c) porcine liver tissue, (d) porcine fat tissue. The color codes for MMT parameters A, b and MMPD parameters Δ and R are from 0 to 1, the color code for MMT parameter x is from 0 to 90 degree, the color code for MMPD parameter D is from 0 to 0.5.

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Fig. 6 2D images of the MMT and MMPD parameters of cervix tissues shown in Fig. 3(a): (a) A, (b) b, (c) x, (d) depolarization Δ, (e) retardance R, (f) diattenuation D.

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Tables (2)

Table 1 Average values of Mueller matrix elements for different tissue samples

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Table 2 Average values of MMT and MMPD parameters for different tissue samples

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Equations (2)

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I = α_{0} + \sum_{n = 1}^{12} (α_{n} \cos 2 {nθ}_{1} + β_{n} \sin 2 {nθ}_{1})

\begin{array}{l} A = \frac{2 b \cdot t}{b^{2} + t^{2}} \in [0, 1] \\ b = \frac{m 22 + m 33}{2} \\ t = \frac{\sqrt{{(m 22 - m 33)}^{2} + {(m 23 + m 32)}^{2}}}{2} \\ \tan (2 x) = \frac{m 13}{m 12} \end{array}

	m12	m21	m31	m22	m33	m23/32	m24	m42	m34	m43	m44
heart*	−0.02	−0.01	−0.01	0.24	0.18	0.02	−0.02	0.02	0.03	−0.02	0.03
muscle	0.03	0.03	0	0.16	0.07	0.05	0.01	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.02
liver	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.67	0.67	0.01	0	0	0.01	−0.01	0.53
fat	0	0	0	0.07	0.07	0	0	0	0	0	0.02

	A	b	Δ	R	D
heart*	0.91	0.21	0.84	0.69	0.04
muscle	0.88	0.11	0.92	0.42	0.03
liver	0.07	0.67	0.37	0.05	0.04
fat	0.40	0.07	0.95	0.19	0.01

	m12	m21	m31	m22	m33	m23/32	m24	m42	m34	m43	m44
heart*	−0.02	−0.01	−0.01	0.24	0.18	0.02	−0.02	0.02	0.03	−0.02	0.03
muscle	0.03	0.03	0	0.16	0.07	0.05	0.01	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.02
liver	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.67	0.67	0.01	0	0	0.01	−0.01	0.53
fat	0	0	0	0.07	0.07	0	0	0	0	0	0.02

	A	b	Δ	R	D
heart*	0.91	0.21	0.84	0.69	0.04
muscle	0.88	0.11	0.92	0.42	0.03
liver	0.07	0.67	0.37	0.05	0.04
fat	0.40	0.07	0.95	0.19	0.01