An experimental investigation of the vision of hyperopes and myopes using a hologram

Nicholas Nguyen; Chitralekha S. Avudainayagam; Kodikullam V. Avudainayagam

doi:10.1364/BOE.3.001173

An experimental investigation of the vision of hyperopes and myopes using a hologram

Nicholas Nguyen, Chitralekha S. Avudainayagam, and Kodikullam V. Avudainayagam

Biomedical Optics Express
Vol. 3,
Issue 6,
pp. 1173-1181
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.3.001173

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Nicholas Nguyen, Chitralekha S. Avudainayagam, and Kodikullam V. Avudainayagam, "An experimental investigation of the vision of hyperopes and myopes using a hologram," Biomed. Opt. Express 3, 1173-1181 (2012)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Vision, Color, and Visual Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Holographic optical elements (090.2890)
- Vision - acuity (330.1070)
- Vision (330.7310)
- Optical effects on vision (330.4595)
- Visual optics, accommodation (330.7322)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 10, 2012
- Revised Manuscript: April 26, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: April 27, 2012
- Published: May 2, 2012

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Open Access

Abstract

A hologram of a specially designed multivergence target which displays real and virtual objects (numbers) simultaneously has been used to test the vision of various spectacle corrected subjects. Through the hologram, the subjects see standard ‘60-meter’ numbers that have different amounts of blur. It is found that there is a difference between myopes and hyperopes in the amount of positive blur with which they can recognize numbers seen through the hologram and this difference is statistically significant. A similar study was then conducted in white light illumination using the ‘60-meter’ numbers of a standard test chart at 6 meter distance and positive lenses to provide the blur at the eye. This study showed no difference between the refractive groups. Our results indicate that hyperopes may be relaxing their accommodation more than myopes in viewing through the hologram.

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Performance of the holographic multivergence target in the subjective measurement of spherical refractive error and amplitude of accommodation of the human eye

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References

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Publication

K. V. Avudainayagam and C. S. Avudainayagam, “Holographic multivergence target for subjective measurement of the spherical power error of the human eye,” Opt. Lett. 28(2), 123–125 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K. V. Avudainayagam, C. S. Avudainayagam, N. Nguyen, K. W. Chiam, and C. Truong, “Performance of the holographic multivergence target in the subjective measurement of spherical refractive error and amplitude of accommodation of the human eye,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24(10), 3037–3044 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K. V. Avudainayagam and C. S. Avudainayagam, “Holographic multivergence target for subjective measurement of the astigmatic error of the human eye,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1926–1928 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Radhakrishnan, S. Pardhan, R. I. Calver, and D. J. O’Leary, “Unequal reduction in visual acuity with positive and negative defocusing lenses in myopes,” Optom. Vis. Sci. 81(1), 14–17 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K. V. Avudainayagam, C. S. Avudainayagam, and N. Nguyen, “Holographic multivergence target throws more light on the vision of hyperopes,” in ICO-21 Proceedings (2008), pp. 192–192.
N. Nguyen, C. S. Avudainayagam, and K. V. Avudainayagam, “Holographic target probes the vision of myopes and hyperopes,” Clin. Exp. Optom. 92(1), 55 (2009).

2009 (1)

N. Nguyen, C. S. Avudainayagam, and K. V. Avudainayagam, “Holographic target probes the vision of myopes and hyperopes,” Clin. Exp. Optom. 92(1), 55 (2009).

2007 (2)

K. V. Avudainayagam and C. S. Avudainayagam, “Holographic multivergence target for subjective measurement of the astigmatic error of the human eye,” Opt. Lett. 32(13), 1926–1928 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. V. Avudainayagam, C. S. Avudainayagam, N. Nguyen, K. W. Chiam, and C. Truong, “Performance of the holographic multivergence target in the subjective measurement of spherical refractive error and amplitude of accommodation of the human eye,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24(10), 3037–3044 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

H. Radhakrishnan, S. Pardhan, R. I. Calver, and D. J. O’Leary, “Unequal reduction in visual acuity with positive and negative defocusing lenses in myopes,” Optom. Vis. Sci. 81(1), 14–17 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

K. V. Avudainayagam and C. S. Avudainayagam, “Holographic multivergence target for subjective measurement of the spherical power error of the human eye,” Opt. Lett. 28(2), 123–125 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Avudainayagam, C. S.

N. Nguyen, C. S. Avudainayagam, and K. V. Avudainayagam, “Holographic target probes the vision of myopes and hyperopes,” Clin. Exp. Optom. 92(1), 55 (2009).

Avudainayagam, K. V.

N. Nguyen, C. S. Avudainayagam, and K. V. Avudainayagam, “Holographic target probes the vision of myopes and hyperopes,” Clin. Exp. Optom. 92(1), 55 (2009).

Calver, R. I.

Chiam, K. W.

Nguyen, N.

N. Nguyen, C. S. Avudainayagam, and K. V. Avudainayagam, “Holographic target probes the vision of myopes and hyperopes,” Clin. Exp. Optom. 92(1), 55 (2009).

O’Leary, D. J.

Pardhan, S.

Radhakrishnan, H.

Truong, C.

Clin. Exp. Optom. (1)

N. Nguyen, C. S. Avudainayagam, and K. V. Avudainayagam, “Holographic target probes the vision of myopes and hyperopes,” Clin. Exp. Optom. 92(1), 55 (2009).

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Opt. Lett. (2)

Optom. Vis. Sci. (1)

Other (1)

K. V. Avudainayagam, C. S. Avudainayagam, and N. Nguyen, “Holographic multivergence target throws more light on the vision of hyperopes,” in ICO-21 Proceedings (2008), pp. 192–192.

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Fig. 1 The 3-D target.

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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the arrangement used to test subjects with the hologram.

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Fig. 3 (a) Simulation of a spectacle corrected subject’s view through the hologram, obtained using the camera focused to infinity. (b) Simulation of an uncorrected and relaxed hyperope’s view through the hologram, obtained with a −2 D lens placed in front of the camera focused to infinity.

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Fig. 4 Limiting blur obtained with the hologram.

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Fig. 5 Limiting blur in white light.

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Tables (7)

Table 1 Vergences for Various Numbers in the Multivergence Target

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Table 2 Data Obtained with the Hologram for Myopes

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Table 3 Data Obtained with the Hologram for Hyperopes

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Table 4 Data Obtained with the Hologram for Emmetropes.

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Table 5 Data obtained in White Light for Myopes

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Table 6 Data obtained in White Light for Hyperopes

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Table 7 Data obtained in White Light for Emmetropes

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Number	Designed  Vergence  (Dioptre)	Measured  Vergence  (Dioptre)
−2	−1.0	−1.04
−1	−0.5	−0.60
0	+0.0	−0.06
1	+0.5	+0.46
2	+1.0	+0.88
3	+1.5	+1.38
4	+2.0	+1.95
5	+2.5	+2.32

Serial  Number	Age (years)	Mean Sphere of the Spectacle  Correction (Dioptre)	Number with Most  Positive Vergence recognized	Limiting Blur through the  Hologram^a (Dioptre)
1	25	−7.625	2	1.005
2	11	−3.25	4	1.95
3	19	−3.25	3	1.38
4	11	−2.875	1	0.585
5	31	−2.375	1	0.585
6	20	−2.25	2	0.88
7	11	−1.5	3	1.38
8	17	−1.375	1	0.585
9	18	−1.375	2	1.005
10	29	−1.25	2	0.88
11	35	−1.25	4	1.95
12	32	−1.125	3	1.505
13	14	−1	3	1.38
14	21	−1	2	0.88
15	46	−0.75	4	1.95
16	19	−0.5	1	0.46
17	42	−0.5	2	0.88
18	33	−0.375	1	0.585
19	35	−0.375	2	0.88

Serial  Number	Age (years)	Mean Sphere of the Spectacle  Correction (Dioptre)	Number with Most  Positive Vergence Recognized	Limiting Blur through the  Hologram^a (Dioptre)
1	12	0.375	4	2.075
2	51	0.375	5	2.445
3	10	0.5	4	1.95
4	13	0.5	5	2.32
5	43	0.5	2	0.88
6	57	0.5	4	1.95
7	51	0.625	4	2.075
8	45	0.75	4	1.95
9	40	1	4	1.95
10	58	1.125	2	1.005
11	38	1.25	5	2.32
12	15	1.5	2	0.88
13	51	1.75	4	1.95
14	51	1.75	5	2.32
15	50	2.125	4	2.075
16	52	2.25	5	2.32
17	55	2.25	5	2.32
18	55	2.25	5	2.32
19	28	4.25	5	2.32

Serial  Number	Age (years)	Mean Sphere of the spectacle  Correction (Dioptre)	Number with Most  Positive Vergence Recognized	Limiting Blur through the  Hologram^a (Dioptre)
1	46	−0.25	4	1.95
2	49	−0.25	4	1.95
3	9	0	1	0.46
4	13	0	2	0.88
5	26	0	2	0.88
6	28	0	2	0.88
7	33	0	4	1.95
8	9	0	1	0.46
9	15	0	4	1.95
10	17	0	2	0.88
11	11	0.25	5	2.32
12	13	0.25	4	1.95
13	25	0.25	1	0.46
14	52	0.25	4	1.95
15	53	0.25	4	1.95
16	56	0.25	3	1.38
17	16	0.25	1	0.46
18	15	0.25	4	1.95

Serial  Number	Age (years)	Mean Sphere of the spectacle  correction (Dioptre)	Limiting Blur in White Light^a (Dioptre)
1	22	−5.5	1.75
2	39	−4.75	2
3	21	−3.75	1.75
4	19	−3.625	1.75
5	12	−2	2.25
6	13	−1.5	2
7	40	−1.375	2.25
8	43	−0.625	1.75
9	32	−0.5	1.75
10	35	−0.5	2.5
11	32	−0.375	1.75
12	36	−0.375	2

Serial  Number	Age (years)	Mean Sphere of the spectacle  correction (Dioptre)	Limiting Blur in White Light^a (Dioptre)
1	46	−0.125	1
2	36	−0.125	1.75
3	29	−0.125	1.25
4	27	−0.125	2
5	9	0	1.25
6	11	0	2
7	13	0	1.75
8	50	0	2
9	14	0.125	1.5
10	38	0.125	1.75
11	11	0.125	1.75
12	17	0.125	1.5
13	37	0.125	1.75
14	35	0.125	1

Abstract

References

2009 (1)

2007 (2)

2004 (1)

2003 (1)

Avudainayagam, C. S.

Avudainayagam, K. V.

Calver, R. I.

Chiam, K. W.

Nguyen, N.

O’Leary, D. J.

Pardhan, S.

Radhakrishnan, H.

Truong, C.

Clin. Exp. Optom. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Opt. Lett. (2)

Optom. Vis. Sci. (1)

Other (1)

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