Abstract

We present a double-clad fiber coupler (DCFC) for use in confocal endomicroscopy to reduce speckle contrast, increase signal collection while preserving optical sectioning. The DCFC is made by incorporating a double-clad tapered fiber (DCTF) to a fused-tapered DCFC for achromatic transmission (from 1265 nm to 1325 nm) of > 95% illumination light trough the single mode (SM) core and collection of > 40% diffuse light through inner cladding modes. Its potential for confocal endomicroscopy is demonstrated in a spectrally-encoded imaging setup which shows a 3 times reduction in speckle contrast as well as 5.5 × increase in signal collection compared to imaging with a SM fiber.

© 2011 Optical Society of America

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  1. R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
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  4. K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
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2011 (1)

G. Liu and Z. Chen, “Fiber-based combined optical coherence and multiphoton endomicroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 036010 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (6)

M. Strupler, E. D. Montigny, D. Morneau, and C. Boudoux, “Rapid spectrally encoded fluorescence imaging using a wavelength-swept source,” Opt. Lett. 35, 1737–1739 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Neumann, R. Kiesslich, M. B. Wallace, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical advances and clinical applications,” Gastroenterology 139, 388–392 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

S. Lemire-Renaud, M. Rivard, M. Strupler, D. Morneau, F. Verpillat, X. Daxhelet, N. Godbout, and C. Boudoux, “Double-clad fiber coupler for endoscopy,” Opt. Express 18, 9755–9764 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Bao, S. Y. Ryu, B. H. Lee, W. Tao, and M. Gu, “Nonlinear endomicroscopy using a double-clad fiber coupler,” Opt. Lett. 35, 995–997 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (6)

2008 (2)

S. Y. Ryu, H. Y. Choi, J. Na, E. S. Choi, and B. H. Lee, “Combined system of optical coherence tomography and fluorescence spectroscopy based on double-cladding fiber,” Opt. Lett. 33, 2347–2349 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. J. Seibel, C. M. Brown, J. A. Dominitz, and M. B. Kimmey, “Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies,” Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 18, 467–478 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

2006 (2)

L. Fu and M. Gu, “Double-clad photonic crystal fiber coupler for compact nonlinear optical microscopy imaging,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1471–1473 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Yelin, I. Rizvi, W. White, J. Motz, T. Hasan, B. Bouma, and G. Tearney, “Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy,” Nature 443, 765 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Luck, K. Carlson, A. Bovik, and R. Richards-Kortum, “An image model and segmentation algorithm for reflectance confocal images of in vivo cervical tissue,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14, 1265–1276 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Boudoux, S. Yun, W. Oh, W. White, N. Iftimia, M. Shishkov, B. Bouma, and G. Tearnet, “Rapid wavelength-swept spectrally encoded confocal microscopy,” Opt. Express 13(20), 8214–8221 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

D. Yelin, B. E. Bouma, S. H. Yun, and G. J. Tearney, “Double-clad fiber for endoscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2408–2410 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

1998 (1)

1993 (1)

1991 (1)

1987 (1)

Abramov, A.

Bao, H.

Boudoux, C.

Bouma, B.

Bouma, B. E.

Bourg-Heckly, G.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bovik, A.

B. Luck, K. Carlson, A. Bovik, and R. Richards-Kortum, “An image model and segmentation algorithm for reflectance confocal images of in vivo cervical tissue,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14, 1265–1276 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brown, C. M.

E. J. Seibel, C. M. Brown, J. A. Dominitz, and M. B. Kimmey, “Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies,” Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 18, 467–478 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Buchner, A. M.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Bures, J.

J. Bures, Guided Optics: Optical Fibers and All-Fiber Components (Wiley-VCH, 2008).

Burg, J.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Carlini, A. R.

Carlson, K.

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Luck, K. Carlson, A. Bovik, and R. Richards-Kortum, “An image model and segmentation algorithm for reflectance confocal images of in vivo cervical tissue,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14, 1265–1276 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Z.

G. Liu and Z. Chen, “Fiber-based combined optical coherence and multiphoton endomicroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 036010 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choi, E. S.

Choi, H. Y.

Choi, H.-Y.

Choi, W.-J.

Collier, T.

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Crook, J. E.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Daxhelet, X.

S. Lemire-Renaud, M. Rivard, M. Strupler, D. Morneau, F. Verpillat, X. Daxhelet, N. Godbout, and C. Boudoux, “Double-clad fiber coupler for endoscopy,” Opt. Express 18, 9755–9764 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Lacroix, N. Godbout, and X. Daxhelet, Optical fiber components: design and applications (Research Signpost, India, 2006), chap. Optical fiber components: design and applications of fused biconical tapered components, Habib Hamam, ed.

Delaney, P.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Descour, M.

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Desjardins, A. E.

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dominique, S.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dominitz, J. A.

E. J. Seibel, C. M. Brown, J. A. Dominitz, and M. B. Kimmey, “Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies,” Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 18, 467–478 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Enders, M.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Farahati, B.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Follen, M.

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fu, L.

Galle, P. R.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gan, X.

Ghabril, M.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gnaendiger, J.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Godbout, N.

S. Lemire-Renaud, M. Rivard, M. Strupler, D. Morneau, F. Verpillat, X. Daxhelet, N. Godbout, and C. Boudoux, “Double-clad fiber coupler for endoscopy,” Opt. Express 18, 9755–9764 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Lacroix, N. Godbout, and X. Daxhelet, Optical fiber components: design and applications (Research Signpost, India, 2006), chap. Optical fiber components: design and applications of fused biconical tapered components, Habib Hamam, ed.

Gomez, V.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Goodman, J.

J. Goodman, Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications (Roberts & Co., 2007).

Gu, M.

Guthoff, R.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Hartnick, C. J.

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hasan, M.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Hasan, T.

D. Yelin, I. Rizvi, W. White, J. Motz, T. Hasan, B. Bouma, and G. Tearney, “Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy,” Nature 443, 765 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Heckman, M. G.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Iftimia, N.

Janell, D.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ju, M.-J.

Jung, Y.

Just, T.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Kiesslich, R.

H. Neumann, R. Kiesslich, M. B. Wallace, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical advances and clinical applications,” Gastroenterology 139, 388–392 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, K.-T.

Kimmey, M. B.

E. J. Seibel, C. M. Brown, J. A. Dominitz, and M. B. Kimmey, “Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies,” Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 18, 467–478 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Krishna, M.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Lachkar, S.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lacroix, S.

S. Lacroix, N. Godbout, and X. Daxhelet, Optical fiber components: design and applications (Research Signpost, India, 2006), chap. Optical fiber components: design and applications of fused biconical tapered components, Habib Hamam, ed.

Lane, P. M.

Lee, B. H.

Lee, B.-H.

Lemire-Renaud, S.

Leng, Y.

Leuin, S. C.

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, X.

Liu, G.

G. Liu and Z. Chen, “Fiber-based combined optical coherence and multiphoton endomicroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 036010 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Love, J.

A. Snyder and J. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, 1983).

Luck, B.

B. Luck, K. Carlson, A. Bovik, and R. Richards-Kortum, “An image model and segmentation algorithm for reflectance confocal images of in vivo cervical tissue,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14, 1265–1276 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McLaren, W.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Merman, M.

Montigny, E. D.

Moreno-Swirc, S.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Morneau, D.

Motz, J.

D. Yelin, I. Rizvi, W. White, J. Motz, T. Hasan, B. Bouma, and G. Tearney, “Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy,” Nature 443, 765 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Motz, J. T.

Na, J.

Na, J.-H.

Nafe, B.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Neumann, H.

H. Neumann, R. Kiesslich, M. B. Wallace, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical advances and clinical applications,” Gastroenterology 139, 388–392 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Neurath, M. F.

H. Neumann, R. Kiesslich, M. B. Wallace, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical advances and clinical applications,” Gastroenterology 139, 388–392 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oh, W.

Oh, W. Y.

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pau, H. W.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Pavlova, I.

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Polglase, A.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Prall, F.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Raimondo, M.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Richards-Kortum, R.

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Luck, K. Carlson, A. Bovik, and R. Richards-Kortum, “An image model and segmentation algorithm for reflectance confocal images of in vivo cervical tissue,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14, 1265–1276 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rivard, M.

Rizvi, I.

D. Yelin, I. Rizvi, W. White, J. Motz, T. Hasan, B. Bouma, and G. Tearney, “Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy,” Nature 443, 765 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ryu, S. Y.

Ryu, S.-Y.

Salan, M.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Seibel, E. J.

E. J. Seibel, C. M. Brown, J. A. Dominitz, and M. B. Kimmey, “Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies,” Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 18, 467–478 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shahid, M. W.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Sheppard, C. J. R.

Shishkov, M.

Snyder, A.

A. Snyder and J. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, 1983).

Stachs, O.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Stave, J.

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Strupler, M.

Suter, M. J.

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tao, W.

Tearnet, G.

Tearney, G.

D. Yelin, I. Rizvi, W. White, J. Motz, T. Hasan, B. Bouma, and G. Tearney, “Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy,” Nature 443, 765 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tearney, G. J.

Thiberville, L.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Thomas, S.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vakoc, B. J.

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Verpillat, F.

Vever-Bizet, C.

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vieth, M.

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wallace, M. B.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Neumann, R. Kiesslich, M. B. Wallace, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical advances and clinical applications,” Gastroenterology 139, 388–392 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, L.

Webb, R. H.

White, W.

White, W. M.

Wilson, T.

Wolfsen, H. C.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Woodward, T.

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

Wu, Y.

Xi, J.

Yelin, D.

Yun, S.

Yun, S. H.

Appl. Opt. (1)

Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. (1)

C. Boudoux, S. C. Leuin, W. Y. Oh, M. J. Suter, A. E. Desjardins, B. J. Vakoc, B. E. Bouma, C. J. Hartnick, and G. J. Tearney, “Optical microscopy of the pediatric vocal fold,” Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 135, 53–64 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gastroenterology (3)

R. Kiesslich, J. Burg, M. Vieth, J. Gnaendiger, M. Enders, P. Delaney, A. Polglase, W. McLaren, D. Janell, S. Thomas, B. Nafe, P. R. Galle, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endoscopy for diagnosing intraepithelial neoplasias and colorectal cancer in vivo,” Gastroenterology 127, 706–713 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. M. Buchner, M. W. Shahid, M. G. Heckman, M. Krishna, M. Ghabril, M. Hasan, J. E. Crook, V. Gomez, M. Raimondo, T. Woodward, H. C. Wolfsen, and M. B. Wallace, “Comparison of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with virtual chromoendoscopy for classification of colon polyps,” Gastroenterology 138, 834–842 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Neumann, R. Kiesslich, M. B. Wallace, and M. F. Neurath, “Confocal laser endomicroscopy: technical advances and clinical applications,” Gastroenterology 139, 388–392 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. (1)

E. J. Seibel, C. M. Brown, J. A. Dominitz, and M. B. Kimmey, “Scanning single fiber endoscopy: a new platform technology for integrated laser imaging, diagnosis, and future therapies,” Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am. 18, 467–478 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gynecologic Oncology (1)

K. Carlson, I. Pavlova, T. Collier, M. Descour, M. Follen, and R. Richards-Kortum, “Confocal microscopy: Imaging cervical precancerous lesions,” Gynecologic Oncology 99, S84–S88 (2005), The 4th International Conference on Cervical Cancer with a Day of Spiritual, Psychological, Complementary, and Alternative Treatment of Cancer and Pain.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE Trans. Image Process. (1)

B. Luck, K. Carlson, A. Bovik, and R. Richards-Kortum, “An image model and segmentation algorithm for reflectance confocal images of in vivo cervical tissue,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 14, 1265–1276 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (1)

G. Liu and Z. Chen, “Fiber-based combined optical coherence and multiphoton endomicroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16, 036010 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Korea (1)

J. Oral. Pathol. Med. (1)

B. Farahati, O. Stachs, F. Prall, J. Stave, R. Guthoff, H. W. Pau, and T. Just, “Rigid confocal endoscopy for in vivo imaging of experimental oral squamous intra-epithelial lesions,” J. Oral. Pathol. Med. 39, 318–327 (2010).
[PubMed]

Nature (1)

D. Yelin, I. Rizvi, W. White, J. Motz, T. Hasan, B. Bouma, and G. Tearney, “Three-dimensional miniature endoscopy,” Nature 443, 765 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (6)

Opt. Lett. (8)

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society (1)

L. Thiberville, M. Salan, S. Lachkar, S. Dominique, S. Moreno-Swirc, C. Vever-Bizet, and G. Bourg-Heckly, “Confocal fluorescence endomicroscopy of the human airways.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 6, 444 – 449 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (5)

J. Goodman, Speckle Phenomena in Optics: Theory and Applications (Roberts & Co., 2007).

M. Gu, Principles of Three Dimensional Imaging in Confocal Microscopes (World Scientific, 1996).
[Crossref]

A. Snyder and J. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, (Chapman and Hall, 1983).

J. Bures, Guided Optics: Optical Fibers and All-Fiber Components (Wiley-VCH, 2008).

S. Lacroix, N. Godbout, and X. Daxhelet, Optical fiber components: design and applications (Research Signpost, India, 2006), chap. Optical fiber components: design and applications of fused biconical tapered components, Habib Hamam, ed.

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Confocal imaging with a DCF. (a) Light propagation schematic. Illumination light originates from the core of the DCF defined by its MFD (taken at the 1/e2 intensity point) and numerical aperture (illumination half-angle β). It is collimated with a lens of focal length fcoll and fills an objective lens (of focal length fobj, aperture 2aobj, illumination cone half-angle α). Light collection is performed through the inner cladding of the DCF (of diameter d). Light propagates along the z-axis and rf, rp and rs define the radial coordinates at the fiber, objective lens pupil and sample planes, respectively. (b) Optical sectioning (u1/2) for a perfect plane reflector as a function of the ratio d/MFD for different values of the pupil filling factor A. c) Excitation efficiency (η) for a perfect plane reflector at focus (u = 0) as a function of the ratio d/MFD for different values of A.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Double-clad tapered fiber (DCTF). (a) Schematic of the DCFC with a tapered end, the gray area representing a high index gel drop to diminish back reflections. (b) Schematic of the tapered end. (c) MFD (solid red line) and inner cladding diameter d (dotted black line) as a function of the taper ratio.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Characterization of the down tapered DCFC. (a) Spectral response of the MM inner cladding transmission. (b) Spectral response of the SM core transmission. (c) Cross section of the original DCF. (d) Cross section of the DCTF. (e) Side view of the angle cleaved DCTF. Scale bar: 50 μm. Error bars represent 1 standard deviation.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy setup used to demonstrate imaging with the tapered-fiber DCFC. SE is achieved using a polygon-based wavelength-swept laser fiber coupled to an acquisition triggering mechanism and to an imaging arm through a circulator (C) spliced to the tapered-fiber DCFC. The imaging arm consists of a collimating lens, a galvanometer mounted mirror (G), two telecentric telescopes, a transmission grating (GR) and an objective lens. InGaAs photo-detectors (PD) collect coherent and partially coherent light. PC : polarization controllers.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Simultaneously acquired images of a 7 day old mouse embryo fixed in a solution of 4% of paraformaldehyde. (a) Average of 20 images of the SM signal (scale bar of 50 μm). (b) Average of 20 images of the MM signal (scale bar of 50 μm). (c) Zoom of the SM image. (d) Zoom of the MM image. Intensity scale of the SM and MM images were normalized independently.

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Equations (20)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

u = 4 k z s sin 2 ( α / 2 ) ,
ν = k r s sin ( α ) ,
I ( u ) ∝ ∫ 0 ν p | ∫ 0 1 P 1 ( ρ ) P 2 ( ρ ) exp ( i u ρ 2 ) J 0 ( ν ρ ) ρ d ρ | 2 ν d ν ,
ν p = k d 2 sin ( β ) ,
ρ = r p a obj ,
E ill ( r f ) = a ill N f exp [ − ( 2 r f MFD ) 2 ] ,
N f = 2 π ∫ 0 ∞ | exp [ − ( 2 r f MFD ) 2 ] | 2 r f d r f = π MFD 2 8 .
A = ( k a obj f coll MFD 2 2 ) 2 .
A = ( k M sin ( α ) MFD 2 2 ) 2 ,
M = f obj f coll = sin ( β ) sin ( α ) .
E ill ( r p ) = a ill N p exp [ − ( r p A a obj 2 ) 2 ] ,
N p = 2 π ∫ 0 ∞ | exp [ − ( r p A a obj 2 ) 2 ] | 2 r p d r p = π a obj 2 A .
P 1 ( ρ ) = exp [ − ( ρ A 2 ) 2 ] .
P 2 ( ρ ) = 1.
ν p = d MFD 2 A .
η 1 = 1 − e − A .
η 2 = ∫ 0 ν p | ∫ 0 1 exp [ − ( ρ A 2 ) 2 ] J 0 ( ν ρ ) ρ d ρ | 2 ν d ν ∫ 0 ∞ | ∫ 0 1 exp [ − ( ρ A 2 ) 2 ] J 0 ( ν ρ ) ρ d ρ | 2 ν d ν .
η = η 1 η 2 .
C MM = σ s I s = Σ n = 1 N I ¯ n 2 Σ n = 1 N I ¯ n ,
C d ≈ A c A d ∝ A c d .

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