Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood glucose concentration (BGC) on in vivo human skin optical properties after oral intake of different sugars. In vivo optical properties of human skin were measured with a spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Experimental results show that increase of BGC causes a decrease in the skin attenuation coefficient. And the maximum decrements in mean attenuation coefficient of skin tissue after drinking glucose, sucrose and fructose solution are 47.0%, 36.4% and 16.5% compared with that after drinking water, respectively (p < 0.05). The results also show that blood glucose levels of the forearm skin tissue are delayed compared with finger-stick blood glucose, and there are significant differences in the time delays after oral intake of different sugars. The time delay between mean attenuation coefficient and BGC after drinking glucose solution is evidently larger than that after drinking sucrose solution, and that after drinking sucrose solution is larger than that after drinking fructose solution. Our pilot studies indicate that OCT technique is capable of non-invasive, real-time, and sensitive monitoring of skin optical properties in human subjects during oral intake of different sugars.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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2013 (1)

O. Zhernovaya, V. V. Tuchin, and M. J. Leahy, “Blood optical clearing studied by optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 18(2), 026014 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (5)

Y. Yang, T. Wang, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of estimated scattering coefficient and phase retardation for ovarian tissue characterization,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(7), 1548–1556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. X. Guo, A. Mandelis, and B. Zinman, “Noninvasive glucose detection in human skin using wavelength modulated differential laser photothermal radiometry,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(11), 3012–3021 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Y. He, H. J. Wei, H. M. Gu, Z. G. Zhu, Y. Q. Zhang, X. Guo, and T. Cai, “Effects of optical clearing agents on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomo graphy: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(10), 101513 (2012).

Y. Yang, T. Wang, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of angle-resolved scattering properties of ovarian tissue using optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(9), 090530 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (5)

Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, G. P. Singh, J. W. Kang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(9), 2871–2880 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Purvinis, B. D. Cameron, and D. M. Altrogge, “Noninvasive polarimetric-based glucose monitoring: an in vivo study,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 5(2), 380–387 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. M. Kodach, D. J. Faber, J. van Marle, T. G. van Leeuwen, and J. Kalkman, “Determination of the scattering anisotropy with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 19(7), 6131–6140 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (2)

P. Lee, W. R. Gao, and X. L. Zhang, “Performance of single-scattering model versus multiple-scattering model in the determination of optical properties of biological tissue with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 49(18), 3538–3544 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. M. Yuen, N. C. Shah, J. T. Walsh, M. R. Glucksberg, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8382–8385 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

R. Poddar, S. R. Sharma, J. Andrews, and P. Sen, “Correlation between glucose concentration and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media using optical coherence tomography,” Curr. Sci. 95(3), 340–344 (2008).

2007 (3)

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Prediction capability of optical coherence tomography for blood glucose concentration monitoring,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(4), 470–477 (2007).
[Crossref]

R. Weiss, Y. Yegorchikov, A. Shusterman, and I. Raz, “Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic technology-results from the first 62 subjects,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 9(1), 68–74 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. D. Cameron and Y. F. Li, “Polarization-based diffuse reflectance imaging for noninvasive measurement of glucose,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(6), 873–878 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (4)

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “In vivo study of glucose-induced changes in skin properties assessed with optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51(16), 3885–3900 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Daneman, “Type 1 diabetes,” Lancet 367(9513), 847–858 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. T. Olesberg, L. Liu, V. Van Zee, and M. A. Arnold, “In vivo near-infrared spectroscopy of rat skin tissue with varying blood glucose levels,” Anal. Chem. 78(1), 215–223 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kinnunen, R. Myllylä, T. Jokela, and S. Vainio, “In vitro studies toward noninvasive glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2251–2260 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (5)

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Stumvoll, B. J. Goldstein, and T. W. van Haeften, “Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy,” Lancet 365(9467), 1333–1346 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Wan, G. L. Coté, and J. B. Dixon, “Dual-wavelength polarimetry for monitoring glucose in the presence of varying birefringence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024029 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kuranov, D. Prough, V. Sapozhnikova, I. Cicenaite, and R. Esenaliev, “In vivo application of 2-D lateral scanning mode optical coherence tomography for glucose sensing,” Proc. SPIE 6007, 90–95 (2005).
[Crossref]

A. P. Popov, A. V. Priezzhev, and R. Myllylä, “Glucose content monitoring with time-of-flight technique in aqueous Intralipid solution imitating human skin: Monte Carlo simulation,” Proc. SPIE 5862, 586214 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (5)

2003 (4)

A. I. Kholodnykh, I. Y. Petrova, K. V. Larin, M. Motamedi, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Precision of measurement of tissue optical properties with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3027–3037 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. V. Larin, M. Motamedi, T. V. Ashitkov, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Specificity of noninvasive blood glucose sensing using optical coherence tomography technique: a pilot study,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48(10), 1371–1390 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Steil, K. Rebrin, J. Mastrototaro, B. Bernaba, and M. F. Saad, “Determination of plasma glucose during rapid glucose excursions with a subcutaneous glucose sensor,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(1), 27–31 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. J. M. Schoonen and K. J. C. Wientjes, “A model for transport of glucose in adipose tissue to a microdialysis probe,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(4), 589–598 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (3)

K. Jungheim and T. Koschinsky, “Glucose Monitoring at the Arm: Risky delays of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia detection,” Diabetes Care 25(6), 956–960 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. V. Larin, M. S. Eledrisi, M. Motamedi, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomography: A pilot study in human subjects,” Diabetes Care 25(12), 2263–2267 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. D. Wang, G. Yao, and L. V. Wang, “Monte Carlo model and single-scattering approximation of the propagation of polarized light in turbid media containing glucose,” Appl. Opt. 41(4), 792–801 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (2)

R. O. Esenaliev, K. V. Larin, I. V. Larina, and M. Motamedi, “Noninvasive monitoring of glucose concentration with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 26(13), 992–994 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. McGarraugh, D. Price, S. Schwartz, and R. Weinstein, “Physiological influences on off-finger glucose testing,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 3(3), 367–376 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (3)

L. Thrane, H. T. Yura, and P. E. Andersen, “Analysis of optical coherence tomography systems based on the extended Huygens-Fresenel principle,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17(3), 484–490 (2000).
[Crossref]

F. Q. Nuttal, M. A. Khan, and M. C. Gannon, “Peripheral glucose appearance rate following fructose ingestion in normal subjects,” Metabolism 49(12), 1565–1571 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (2)

H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae, “Advances in photoacoustic noninvasive glucose testing,” Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1587–1595 (1999).
[PubMed]

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (2)

J. T. Bruulsema, J. E. Hayward, T. J. Farrell, M. S. Patterson, L. Heinemann, M. Berger, T. Koschinsky, J. Sandahl-Christiansen, H. Orskov, M. Essenpreis, G. Schmelzeisen-Redeker, and D. Bãcker, “Correlation between blood glucose concentration in diabetics and noninvasively measured tissue optical scattering coefficient,” Opt. Lett. 22(3), 190–192 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Y. Qu and B. C. Wilson, “Monte Carlo modeling studies of the effect of physiological factors andother analytes on the determination of glucose concentration in vivoby near infrared optical absorption and scattering measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 2(3), 319–325 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (2)

M. Kohl, M. Essenpreis, and M. Cope, “The influence of glucose concentration upon the transport of light in tissue-simulating phantoms,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(7), 1267–1287 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. A. Southgate, “Digestion and metabolism of sugars,” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62(1Suppl), 203S–210S(1995).
[PubMed]

1994 (2)

1993 (2)

1991 (1)

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1983 (1)

J. P. Bantle, D. C. Laine, G. W. Castle, J. W. Thomas, B. J. Hoogwerf, and F. C. Goetz, “Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects,” N. Engl. J. Med. 309(1), 7–12 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Aalders, M. C. G.

Aaser, E.

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Akkin, T.

Altrogge, D. M.

G. Purvinis, B. D. Cameron, and D. M. Altrogge, “Noninvasive polarimetric-based glucose monitoring: an in vivo study,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 5(2), 380–387 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Andersen, C.

Andersen, P.

Andersen, P. E.

Andersson-Engels, S.

Andrews, J.

R. Poddar, S. R. Sharma, J. Andrews, and P. Sen, “Correlation between glucose concentration and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media using optical coherence tomography,” Curr. Sci. 95(3), 340–344 (2008).

Arnold, M. A.

J. T. Olesberg, L. Liu, V. Van Zee, and M. A. Arnold, “In vivo near-infrared spectroscopy of rat skin tissue with varying blood glucose levels,” Anal. Chem. 78(1), 215–223 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ashitkov, T. V.

K. V. Larin, M. Motamedi, T. V. Ashitkov, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Specificity of noninvasive blood glucose sensing using optical coherence tomography technique: a pilot study,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48(10), 1371–1390 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ashton, H. S.

H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae, “Advances in photoacoustic noninvasive glucose testing,” Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1587–1595 (1999).
[PubMed]

Bãcker, D.

Bantle, J. P.

J. P. Bantle, D. C. Laine, G. W. Castle, J. W. Thomas, B. J. Hoogwerf, and F. C. Goetz, “Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects,” N. Engl. J. Med. 309(1), 7–12 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barman, I.

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, G. P. Singh, J. W. Kang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(9), 2871–2880 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berger, M.

Bernaba, B.

G. M. Steil, K. Rebrin, J. Mastrototaro, B. Bernaba, and M. F. Saad, “Determination of plasma glucose during rapid glucose excursions with a subcutaneous glucose sensor,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(1), 27–31 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biswal, N. C.

Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bjørnholt, J. V.

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Böcker, D.

Bonner, R. F.

Brewer, M.

Y. Yang, T. Wang, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of angle-resolved scattering properties of ovarian tissue using optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(9), 090530 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yang, T. Wang, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of estimated scattering coefficient and phase retardation for ovarian tissue characterization,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(7), 1548–1556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bruulsema, J. T.

Cai, T.

R. Y. He, H. J. Wei, H. M. Gu, Z. G. Zhu, Y. Q. Zhang, X. Guo, and T. Cai, “Effects of optical clearing agents on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomo graphy: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(10), 101513 (2012).

Cameron, B. D.

G. Purvinis, B. D. Cameron, and D. M. Altrogge, “Noninvasive polarimetric-based glucose monitoring: an in vivo study,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 5(2), 380–387 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. D. Cameron and Y. F. Li, “Polarization-based diffuse reflectance imaging for noninvasive measurement of glucose,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(6), 873–878 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Castle, G. W.

J. P. Bantle, D. C. Laine, G. W. Castle, J. W. Thomas, B. J. Hoogwerf, and F. C. Goetz, “Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects,” N. Engl. J. Med. 309(1), 7–12 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chang, W.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cicenaite, I.

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Prediction capability of optical coherence tomography for blood glucose concentration monitoring,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(4), 470–477 (2007).
[Crossref]

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “In vivo study of glucose-induced changes in skin properties assessed with optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51(16), 3885–3900 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Kuranov, D. Prough, V. Sapozhnikova, I. Cicenaite, and R. Esenaliev, “In vivo application of 2-D lateral scanning mode optical coherence tomography for glucose sensing,” Proc. SPIE 6007, 90–95 (2005).
[Crossref]

Cope, M.

M. Kohl, M. Essenpreis, and M. Cope, “The influence of glucose concentration upon the transport of light in tissue-simulating phantoms,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(7), 1267–1287 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kohl, M. Cope, M. Essenpreis, and D. Böcker, “Influence of glucose concentration on light scattering in tissue-simulating phantoms,” Opt. Lett. 19(24), 2170–2172 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coté, G. L.

Q. Wan, G. L. Coté, and J. B. Dixon, “Dual-wavelength polarimetry for monitoring glucose in the presence of varying birefringence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024029 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Daneman, D.

D. Daneman, “Type 1 diabetes,” Lancet 367(9513), 847–858 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dasari, R. R.

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, G. P. Singh, J. W. Kang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(9), 2871–2880 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dingari, N. C.

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, G. P. Singh, J. W. Kang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(9), 2871–2880 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dixon, J. B.

Q. Wan, G. L. Coté, and J. B. Dixon, “Dual-wavelength polarimetry for monitoring glucose in the presence of varying birefringence,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(2), 024029 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eledrisi, M. S.

K. V. Larin, M. S. Eledrisi, M. Motamedi, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomography: A pilot study in human subjects,” Diabetes Care 25(12), 2263–2267 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Enejder, A. M.

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Erikssen, G.

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Erikssen, J.

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Esenaliev, R.

R. Kuranov, D. Prough, V. Sapozhnikova, I. Cicenaite, and R. Esenaliev, “In vivo application of 2-D lateral scanning mode optical coherence tomography for glucose sensing,” Proc. SPIE 6007, 90–95 (2005).
[Crossref]

K. V. Larin, T. Akkin, R. Esenaliev, M. Motamedi, and M. Milner, “Phase-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometry for the detection of analyte concentration,” Appl. Opt. 43(17), 3408–3414 (2004).

Esenaliev, R. O.

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Prediction capability of optical coherence tomography for blood glucose concentration monitoring,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(4), 470–477 (2007).
[Crossref]

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “In vivo study of glucose-induced changes in skin properties assessed with optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51(16), 3885–3900 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. I. Kholodnykh, I. Y. Petrova, K. V. Larin, M. Motamedi, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Precision of measurement of tissue optical properties with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 42(16), 3027–3037 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. V. Larin, M. Motamedi, T. V. Ashitkov, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Specificity of noninvasive blood glucose sensing using optical coherence tomography technique: a pilot study,” Phys. Med. Biol. 48(10), 1371–1390 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. V. Larin, M. S. Eledrisi, M. Motamedi, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomography: A pilot study in human subjects,” Diabetes Care 25(12), 2263–2267 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. O. Esenaliev, K. V. Larin, I. V. Larina, and M. Motamedi, “Noninvasive monitoring of glucose concentration with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 26(13), 992–994 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Essenpreis, M.

et,

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Faber, D. J.

Fantini, S.

Farrell, T. J.

Feld, M. S.

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, G. P. Singh, J. W. Kang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(9), 2871–2880 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Flotte, T.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Franceschini, M. A.

Freeborn, S. S.

H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae, “Advances in photoacoustic noninvasive glucose testing,” Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1587–1595 (1999).
[PubMed]

Frosz, M.

Gannon, M. C.

F. Q. Nuttal, M. A. Khan, and M. C. Gannon, “Peripheral glucose appearance rate following fructose ingestion in normal subjects,” Metabolism 49(12), 1565–1571 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gao, W. R.

Glucksberg, M. R.

J. M. Yuen, N. C. Shah, J. T. Walsh, M. R. Glucksberg, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8382–8385 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Goetz, F. C.

J. P. Bantle, D. C. Laine, G. W. Castle, J. W. Thomas, B. J. Hoogwerf, and F. C. Goetz, “Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects,” N. Engl. J. Med. 309(1), 7–12 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Goldstein, B. J.

M. Stumvoll, B. J. Goldstein, and T. W. van Haeften, “Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy,” Lancet 365(9467), 1333–1346 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gratton, E.

Green, A.

S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King, “Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030,” Diabetes Care 27(5), 1047–1053 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gregory, K.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gu, H. M.

R. Y. He, H. J. Wei, H. M. Gu, Z. G. Zhu, Y. Q. Zhang, X. Guo, and T. Cai, “Effects of optical clearing agents on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomo graphy: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(10), 101513 (2012).

Guo, X.

R. Y. He, H. J. Wei, H. M. Gu, Z. G. Zhu, Y. Q. Zhang, X. Guo, and T. Cai, “Effects of optical clearing agents on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomo graphy: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(10), 101513 (2012).

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, X. X.

Guo, Z.

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hannigan, J.

H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae, “Advances in photoacoustic noninvasive glucose testing,” Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1587–1595 (1999).
[PubMed]

Hansen, P.

Hayward, J. E.

He, R. Y.

R. Y. He, H. J. Wei, H. M. Gu, Z. G. Zhu, Y. Q. Zhang, X. Guo, and T. Cai, “Effects of optical clearing agents on noninvasive blood glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomo graphy: a pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(10), 101513 (2012).

He, Y.

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hee, M. R.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hein, M.

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Heinemann, L.

Heise, T.

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hermann, M.

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hoogwerf, B. J.

J. P. Bantle, D. C. Laine, G. W. Castle, J. W. Thomas, B. J. Hoogwerf, and F. C. Goetz, “Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects,” N. Engl. J. Med. 309(1), 7–12 (1983).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Horowitz, G. L.

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, D.

D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hunter, M.

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jervell, J.

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jokela, T.

Jungheim, K.

K. Jungheim and T. Koschinsky, “Glucose Monitoring at the Arm: Risky delays of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia detection,” Diabetes Care 25(6), 956–960 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kalkman, J.

Kang, J. W.

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, G. P. Singh, J. W. Kang, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Investigation of the specificity of Raman spectroscopy in non-invasive blood glucose measurements,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 400(9), 2871–2880 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Khan, M. A.

F. Q. Nuttal, M. A. Khan, and M. C. Gannon, “Peripheral glucose appearance rate following fructose ingestion in normal subjects,” Metabolism 49(12), 1565–1571 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kholodnykh, A. I.

King, H.

S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King, “Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030,” Diabetes Care 27(5), 1047–1053 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kinnunen, M.

M. Kinnunen, R. Myllylä, T. Jokela, and S. Vainio, “In vitro studies toward noninvasive glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomography,” Appl. Opt. 45(10), 2251–2260 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kinnunen, A. P. Popov, J. Plucinski, R. A. Myllyla, and A. V. Priezzhev, “Measurements of glucose content in scattering media with time-of-flight technique; comparison with Monte Carlo simulations,” Proc. SPIE 5474, 181–191 (2004).
[Crossref]

Klötzer, H.-M.

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Knüttel, A.

Kodach, V. M.

Kohl, M.

M. Kohl, M. Essenpreis, and M. Cope, “The influence of glucose concentration upon the transport of light in tissue-simulating phantoms,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(7), 1267–1287 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Kohl, M. Cope, M. Essenpreis, and D. Böcker, “Influence of glucose concentration on light scattering in tissue-simulating phantoms,” Opt. Lett. 19(24), 2170–2172 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kong, C. R.

N. C. Dingari, I. Barman, J. W. Kang, C. R. Kong, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, “Wavelength selection-based nonlinear calibration for transcutaneous blood glucose sensing using Raman spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(8), 087009 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koschinsky, T.

Krämer, U.

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kuranov, R.

R. Kuranov, D. Prough, V. Sapozhnikova, I. Cicenaite, and R. Esenaliev, “In vivo application of 2-D lateral scanning mode optical coherence tomography for glucose sensing,” Proc. SPIE 6007, 90–95 (2005).
[Crossref]

Kuranov, R. V.

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R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “In vivo study of glucose-induced changes in skin properties assessed with optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51(16), 3885–3900 (2006).
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Larina, I. V.

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J. T. Olesberg, L. Liu, V. Van Zee, and M. A. Arnold, “In vivo near-infrared spectroscopy of rat skin tissue with varying blood glucose levels,” Anal. Chem. 78(1), 215–223 (2006).
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J. T. Olesberg, L. Liu, V. Van Zee, and M. A. Arnold, “In vivo near-infrared spectroscopy of rat skin tissue with varying blood glucose levels,” Anal. Chem. 78(1), 215–223 (2006).
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Patterson, M. S.

Petrova, I. Y.

Plucinski, J.

M. Kinnunen, A. P. Popov, J. Plucinski, R. A. Myllyla, and A. V. Priezzhev, “Measurements of glucose content in scattering media with time-of-flight technique; comparison with Monte Carlo simulations,” Proc. SPIE 5474, 181–191 (2004).
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R. Poddar, S. R. Sharma, J. Andrews, and P. Sen, “Correlation between glucose concentration and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media using optical coherence tomography,” Curr. Sci. 95(3), 340–344 (2008).

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A. P. Popov, A. V. Priezzhev, and R. Myllylä, “Glucose content monitoring with time-of-flight technique in aqueous Intralipid solution imitating human skin: Monte Carlo simulation,” Proc. SPIE 5862, 586214 (2005).
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M. Kinnunen, A. P. Popov, J. Plucinski, R. A. Myllyla, and A. V. Priezzhev, “Measurements of glucose content in scattering media with time-of-flight technique; comparison with Monte Carlo simulations,” Proc. SPIE 5474, 181–191 (2004).
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G. McGarraugh, D. Price, S. Schwartz, and R. Weinstein, “Physiological influences on off-finger glucose testing,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 3(3), 367–376 (2001).
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A. P. Popov, A. V. Priezzhev, and R. Myllylä, “Glucose content monitoring with time-of-flight technique in aqueous Intralipid solution imitating human skin: Monte Carlo simulation,” Proc. SPIE 5862, 586214 (2005).
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M. Kinnunen, A. P. Popov, J. Plucinski, R. A. Myllyla, and A. V. Priezzhev, “Measurements of glucose content in scattering media with time-of-flight technique; comparison with Monte Carlo simulations,” Proc. SPIE 5474, 181–191 (2004).
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R. Kuranov, D. Prough, V. Sapozhnikova, I. Cicenaite, and R. Esenaliev, “In vivo application of 2-D lateral scanning mode optical coherence tomography for glucose sensing,” Proc. SPIE 6007, 90–95 (2005).
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R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Prediction capability of optical coherence tomography for blood glucose concentration monitoring,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(4), 470–477 (2007).
[Crossref]

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “In vivo study of glucose-induced changes in skin properties assessed with optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51(16), 3885–3900 (2006).
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D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
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J. Y. Qu and B. C. Wilson, “Monte Carlo modeling studies of the effect of physiological factors andother analytes on the determination of glucose concentration in vivoby near infrared optical absorption and scattering measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 2(3), 319–325 (1997).
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H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae, “Advances in photoacoustic noninvasive glucose testing,” Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1587–1595 (1999).
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L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
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R. Weiss, Y. Yegorchikov, A. Shusterman, and I. Raz, “Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic technology-results from the first 62 subjects,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 9(1), 68–74 (2007).
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G. M. Steil, K. Rebrin, J. Mastrototaro, B. Bernaba, and M. F. Saad, “Determination of plasma glucose during rapid glucose excursions with a subcutaneous glucose sensor,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(1), 27–31 (2003).
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S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King, “Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030,” Diabetes Care 27(5), 1047–1053 (2004).
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G. M. Steil, K. Rebrin, J. Mastrototaro, B. Bernaba, and M. F. Saad, “Determination of plasma glucose during rapid glucose excursions with a subcutaneous glucose sensor,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(1), 27–31 (2003).
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Sandahl-Christiansen, J.

Sanders, M.

Y. Yang, T. Wang, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of estimated scattering coefficient and phase retardation for ovarian tissue characterization,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(7), 1548–1556 (2012).
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Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
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J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
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Sapozhnikova, V.

R. Kuranov, D. Prough, V. Sapozhnikova, I. Cicenaite, and R. Esenaliev, “In vivo application of 2-D lateral scanning mode optical coherence tomography for glucose sensing,” Proc. SPIE 6007, 90–95 (2005).
[Crossref]

Sapozhnikova, V. V.

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “Prediction capability of optical coherence tomography for blood glucose concentration monitoring,” J. Diabetes Sci. Tech. 1(4), 470–477 (2007).
[Crossref]

R. V. Kuranov, V. V. Sapozhnikova, D. S. Prough, I. Cicenaite, and R. O. Esenaliev, “In vivo study of glucose-induced changes in skin properties assessed with optical coherence tomography,” Phys. Med. Biol. 51(16), 3885–3900 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sasic, S.

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
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Scecina, T. G.

A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
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Schmitt, J. M.

Schoonen, A. J. M.

A. J. M. Schoonen and K. J. C. Wientjes, “A model for transport of glucose in adipose tissue to a microdialysis probe,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(4), 589–598 (2003).
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D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
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G. McGarraugh, D. Price, S. Schwartz, and R. Weinstein, “Physiological influences on off-finger glucose testing,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 3(3), 367–376 (2001).
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R. Poddar, S. R. Sharma, J. Andrews, and P. Sen, “Correlation between glucose concentration and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media using optical coherence tomography,” Curr. Sci. 95(3), 340–344 (2008).

Shah, N. C.

J. M. Yuen, N. C. Shah, J. T. Walsh, M. R. Glucksberg, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8382–8385 (2010).
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R. Poddar, S. R. Sharma, J. Andrews, and P. Sen, “Correlation between glucose concentration and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media using optical coherence tomography,” Curr. Sci. 95(3), 340–344 (2008).

Shen, Y.

H. A. MacKenzie, H. S. Ashton, S. Spiers, Y. Shen, S. S. Freeborn, J. Hannigan, J. Lindberg, and P. Rae, “Advances in photoacoustic noninvasive glucose testing,” Clin. Chem. 45(9), 1587–1595 (1999).
[PubMed]

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A. M. Enejder, T. G. Scecina, J. Oh, M. Hunter, W. C. Shih, S. Sasic, G. L. Horowitz, and M. S. Feld, “Raman spectroscopy for noninvasive glucose measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 10(3), 031114 (2005).
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R. Weiss, Y. Yegorchikov, A. Shusterman, and I. Raz, “Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic technology-results from the first 62 subjects,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 9(1), 68–74 (2007).
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S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King, “Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030,” Diabetes Care 27(5), 1047–1053 (2004).
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[PubMed]

Steil, G. M.

G. M. Steil, K. Rebrin, J. Mastrototaro, B. Bernaba, and M. F. Saad, “Determination of plasma glucose during rapid glucose excursions with a subcutaneous glucose sensor,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(1), 27–31 (2003).
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D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
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D. Huang, E. A. Swanson, C. P. Lin, J. S. Schuman, W. G. Stinson, W. Chang, M. R. Hee, T. Flotte, K. Gregory, C. A. Puliafito, and et, “Optical coherence tomography,” Science 254(5035), 1178–1181 (1991).
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Thaulow, E.

J. V. Bjørnholt, G. Erikssen, E. Aaser, L. Sandvik, S. Nitter-Hauge, J. Jervell, J. Erikssen, and E. Thaulow, “Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Results from a 22-year follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men,” Diabetes Care 22(1), 45–49 (1999).
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J. P. Bantle, D. C. Laine, G. W. Castle, J. W. Thomas, B. J. Hoogwerf, and F. C. Goetz, “Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects,” N. Engl. J. Med. 309(1), 7–12 (1983).
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Thrane, L.

Tuchin, V. V.

O. Zhernovaya, V. V. Tuchin, and M. J. Leahy, “Blood optical clearing studied by optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 18(2), 026014 (2013).
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Vainio, S.

Valanciunaite, J.

van der Meer, F. J.

Van Duyne, R. P.

J. M. Yuen, N. C. Shah, J. T. Walsh, M. R. Glucksberg, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8382–8385 (2010).
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van Haeften, T. W.

M. Stumvoll, B. J. Goldstein, and T. W. van Haeften, “Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy,” Lancet 365(9467), 1333–1346 (2005).
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van Leeuwen, T. G.

van Marle, J.

Van Zee, V.

J. T. Olesberg, L. Liu, V. Van Zee, and M. A. Arnold, “In vivo near-infrared spectroscopy of rat skin tissue with varying blood glucose levels,” Anal. Chem. 78(1), 215–223 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Volz, D.

L. Heinemann, U. Krämer, H.-M. Klötzer, M. Hein, D. Volz, M. Hermann, T. Heise, and K. Rave, “Noninvasive glucose measurement by monitoring of scattering coefficient during oral glucose tolerance tests,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 2(2), 211–220 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Walsh, J. T.

J. M. Yuen, N. C. Shah, J. T. Walsh, M. R. Glucksberg, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8382–8385 (2010).
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Wang, T.

Y. Yang, T. Wang, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of estimated scattering coefficient and phase retardation for ovarian tissue characterization,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(7), 1548–1556 (2012).
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Y. Yang, T. Wang, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of angle-resolved scattering properties of ovarian tissue using optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(9), 090530 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
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Wang, X.

Y. Yang, T. Wang, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of estimated scattering coefficient and phase retardation for ovarian tissue characterization,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(7), 1548–1556 (2012).
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Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
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Wang, X. D.

Wei, H. J.

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
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G. McGarraugh, D. Price, S. Schwartz, and R. Weinstein, “Physiological influences on off-finger glucose testing,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 3(3), 367–376 (2001).
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Weiss, R.

R. Weiss, Y. Yegorchikov, A. Shusterman, and I. Raz, “Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic technology-results from the first 62 subjects,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 9(1), 68–74 (2007).
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Wientjes, K. J. C.

A. J. M. Schoonen and K. J. C. Wientjes, “A model for transport of glucose in adipose tissue to a microdialysis probe,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 5(4), 589–598 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wild, S.

S. Wild, G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree, and H. King, “Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030,” Diabetes Care 27(5), 1047–1053 (2004).
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J. Y. Qu and B. C. Wilson, “Monte Carlo modeling studies of the effect of physiological factors andother analytes on the determination of glucose concentration in vivoby near infrared optical absorption and scattering measurements,” J. Biomed. Opt. 2(3), 319–325 (1997).
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H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
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Xie, S.

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
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Yang, H.

H. J. Wei, G. Wu, Z. Guo, H. Yang, Y. He, S. Xie, and X. Guo, “Assessment of the effects of ultrasound-mediated glucose on permeability of normal, benign, and cancerous human lung tissues with the Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(11), 116006 (2012).
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Yang, Y.

Y. Yang, T. Wang, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of angle-resolved scattering properties of ovarian tissue using optical coherence tomography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(9), 090530 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yang, T. Wang, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Quantitative analysis of estimated scattering coefficient and phase retardation for ovarian tissue characterization,” Biomed. Opt. Express 3(7), 1548–1556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yang, T. Wang, N. C. Biswal, X. Wang, M. Sanders, M. Brewer, and Q. Zhu, “Optical scattering coefficient estimated by optical coherence tomography correlates with collagen content in ovarian tissue,” J. Biomed. Opt. 16(9), 090504 (2011).
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Yao, G.

Yegorchikov, Y.

R. Weiss, Y. Yegorchikov, A. Shusterman, and I. Raz, “Noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring using photoacoustic technology-results from the first 62 subjects,” Diabetes Technol. Ther. 9(1), 68–74 (2007).
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Yuen, J. M.

J. M. Yuen, N. C. Shah, J. T. Walsh, M. R. Glucksberg, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Transcutaneous glucose sensing by surface-enhanced spatially offset Raman spectroscopy in a rat model,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8382–8385 (2010).
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Yura, H. T.

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Figures (3)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Example of an OCT image of skin tissue and the averaged OCT signal profile versus depth extracted from the selected region in OCT image.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 OCT signal intensity versus depth profiles recorded from the human skin in vivo after oral intake of glucose solution (group B), sucrose solution (group C), fructose solution (group D) and water (control group, group A) at 50 min, respectively.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Averaged attenuation coefficients of skin tissue and corresponding BGCs of the volunteers after they oral intake of different sugar solutions and water, respectively. (a) control group, (b) glucose solution, (c) sucrose solution, (d) fructose solution

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

[ 〈 i 2 ( z ) 〉 ] 1/2 ≈ ( 〈 i 2 〉 0 ) 1/2 [ exp( −2 μ t z ) ] 1/2 .
R( z )= I 0 a( z )exp( − μ t z ).
μ t = 1 Δz ln[ R( z 1 ) R( z 2 ) ].

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