Abstract

Tissue phantoms play a central role in validating biomedical imaging techniques. Here we employ a series of methods that aim to fully determine the optical properties, i.e., the refractive index n, absorption coefficient μa, transport mean free path ℓ*, and scattering coefficient μs of a TiO2 in gelatin phantom intended for use in optoacoustic imaging. For the determination of the key parameters μa and ℓ*, we employ a variant of time of flight measurements, where fiber optodes are immersed into the phantom to minimize the influence of boundaries. The robustness of the method was verified with Monte Carlo simulations, where the experimentally obtained values served as input parameters for the simulations. The excellent agreement between simulations and experiments confirmed the reliability of the results. The parameters determined at 780 nm are n=1.359(±0.002), μ′s=1/ℓ*=0.22(±0.02) mm-1, μa= 0.0053(+0.0006-0.0003) mm-1, and μs=2.86(±0.04) mm-1. The asymmetry parameter g obtained from the parameters ℓ* and μ′s is 0.93, which indicates that the scattering entities are not bare TiO2 particles but large sparse clusters. The interaction between the scattering particles and the gelatin matrix should be taken into account when developing such phantoms.

©2012 Optical Society of America

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  4. G. M. Spirou, A. A. Oraevsky, I. A. Vitkin, and W. M. Whelan, “Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), N141–N153 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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  7. M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
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    [Crossref]
  20. T. Moffitt, Y. C. Chen, and S. A. Prahl, “Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041103 (2006).
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  21. B. W. Pogue, L. Lilge, M. S. Patterson, B. C. Wilson, and T. Hasan, “Absorbed photodynamic dose from pulsed versus continuous wave light examined with tissue-simulating dosimeters,” Appl. Opt. 36(28), 7257–7269 (1997).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]

2011 (3)

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. R. Cook, R. R. Bouchard, and S. Y. Emelianov, “Tissue-mimicking phantoms for photoacoustic and ultrasonic imaging,” Biomed. Opt. Express 2(11), 3193–3206 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. G. Akarçay and J. Rička, “Simulating light propagation: towards realistic tissue models,” Proc. SPIE 8088, 80880K (2011).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

M. Jaeger, L. Siegenthaler, M. Kitz, and M. Frenz, “Reduction of background in optoacoustic image sequences obtained under tissue deformation,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(5), 054011 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (2)

S. L. Jacques and B. W. Pogue, “Tutorial on diffuse light transport,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(4), 041302 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Ayers, A. Grant, F. Kuo, D. J. Cuccia, and A. J. Durkin, “Fabrication and characterization of silicone-based tissue phantoms with tunable optical properties in the visible and near infrared domain,” Proc. SPIE 6870, 687007, 687007-9 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

2006 (3)

B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041102 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Xu and L. V. Wang, “Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77(4), 041101 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. Moffitt, Y. C. Chen, and S. A. Prahl, “Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041103 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

G. M. Spirou, A. A. Oraevsky, I. A. Vitkin, and W. M. Whelan, “Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), N141–N153 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Tahir and C. Dainty, “Experimental measurements of light scattering from samples with specified optical properties,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 7(5), 207–214 (2005).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (1)

1998 (1)

E. S. Thiele and R. H. French, “Light-scattering properties of representative, morphological rutile,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81(3), 469–479 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (2)

1996 (1)

1995 (1)

A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, L. Wang, and F. K. Tittel, “The influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(11), 1957–1975 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1994 (1)

1989 (1)

1987 (1)

E. Moreels, W. De Ceuninck, and R. Finsy, “Measurements of the Rayleigh ratio of some pure liquids at several laser light wavelengths,” J. Chem. Phys. 86(2), 618–623 (1987).
[Crossref]

Akarçay, H. G.

H. G. Akarçay and J. Rička, “Simulating light propagation: towards realistic tissue models,” Proc. SPIE 8088, 80880K (2011).
[Crossref]

Ayers, F.

F. Ayers, A. Grant, F. Kuo, D. J. Cuccia, and A. J. Durkin, “Fabrication and characterization of silicone-based tissue phantoms with tunable optical properties in the visible and near infrared domain,” Proc. SPIE 6870, 687007, 687007-9 (2008).
[Crossref]

Bevilacqua, F.

Bigio, I. J.

Bouchard, R. R.

Boyer, J.

Butler, J.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cerussi, A.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chance, B.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. S. Patterson, B. Chance, and B. C. Wilson, “Time resolved reflectance and transmittance for the non-invasive measurement of tissue optical properties,” Appl. Opt. 28(12), 2331–2336 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y. C.

T. Moffitt, Y. C. Chen, and S. A. Prahl, “Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041103 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choe, R.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cook, J. R.

Cuccia, D. J.

F. Ayers, A. Grant, F. Kuo, D. J. Cuccia, and A. J. Durkin, “Fabrication and characterization of silicone-based tissue phantoms with tunable optical properties in the visible and near infrared domain,” Proc. SPIE 6870, 687007, 687007-9 (2008).
[Crossref]

Culver, J. P.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dainty, C.

K. Tahir and C. Dainty, “Experimental measurements of light scattering from samples with specified optical properties,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt. 7(5), 207–214 (2005).
[Crossref]

De Ceuninck, W.

E. Moreels, W. De Ceuninck, and R. Finsy, “Measurements of the Rayleigh ratio of some pure liquids at several laser light wavelengths,” J. Chem. Phys. 86(2), 618–623 (1987).
[Crossref]

Depeursinge, C.

Durduran, T.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Durkin, A. J.

F. Ayers, A. Grant, F. Kuo, D. J. Cuccia, and A. J. Durkin, “Fabrication and characterization of silicone-based tissue phantoms with tunable optical properties in the visible and near infrared domain,” Proc. SPIE 6870, 687007, 687007-9 (2008).
[Crossref]

Eker, C.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Emelianov, S. Y.

Espinoza, J.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fantini, S.

Ferrara, D.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Finsy, R.

E. Moreels, W. De Ceuninck, and R. Finsy, “Measurements of the Rayleigh ratio of some pure liquids at several laser light wavelengths,” J. Chem. Phys. 86(2), 618–623 (1987).
[Crossref]

Fishkin, J.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Franceschini, M. A.

French, R. H.

E. S. Thiele and R. H. French, “Light-scattering properties of representative, morphological rutile,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81(3), 469–479 (1998).
[Crossref]

Frenz, M.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Jaeger, L. Siegenthaler, M. Kitz, and M. Frenz, “Reduction of background in optoacoustic image sequences obtained under tissue deformation,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(5), 054011 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Giammarco, J.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Grant, A.

F. Ayers, A. Grant, F. Kuo, D. J. Cuccia, and A. J. Durkin, “Fabrication and characterization of silicone-based tissue phantoms with tunable optical properties in the visible and near infrared domain,” Proc. SPIE 6870, 687007, 687007-9 (2008).
[Crossref]

Gratton, E.

Haisch, C.

K. Zell, J. I. Sperl, M. W. Vogel, R. Niessner, and C. Haisch, “Acoustical properties of selected tissue phantom materials for ultrasound imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol. 52(20), N475–N484 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hasan, T.

Hielscher, A. H.

J. R. Mourant, J. Boyer, A. H. Hielscher, and I. J. Bigio, “Influence of the scattering phase function on light transport measurements in turbid media performed with small source-detector separations,” Opt. Lett. 21(7), 546–548 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, L. Wang, and F. K. Tittel, “The influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(11), 1957–1975 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Holboke, M. J.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hornung, R.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jacques, S. L.

S. L. Jacques and B. W. Pogue, “Tutorial on diffuse light transport,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(4), 041302 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, L. Wang, and F. K. Tittel, “The influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(11), 1957–1975 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jaeger, M.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Jaeger, L. Siegenthaler, M. Kitz, and M. Frenz, “Reduction of background in optoacoustic image sequences obtained under tissue deformation,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(5), 054011 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Karabutov, A. A.

Khokhlova, T. D.

Kienle, A.

Kitz, M.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Jaeger, L. Siegenthaler, M. Kitz, and M. Frenz, “Reduction of background in optoacoustic image sequences obtained under tissue deformation,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(5), 054011 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kozhushko, V. V.

Kuo, F.

F. Ayers, A. Grant, F. Kuo, D. J. Cuccia, and A. J. Durkin, “Fabrication and characterization of silicone-based tissue phantoms with tunable optical properties in the visible and near infrared domain,” Proc. SPIE 6870, 687007, 687007-9 (2008).
[Crossref]

Lilge, L.

Moffitt, T.

T. Moffitt, Y. C. Chen, and S. A. Prahl, “Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041103 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moreels, E.

E. Moreels, W. De Ceuninck, and R. Finsy, “Measurements of the Rayleigh ratio of some pure liquids at several laser light wavelengths,” J. Chem. Phys. 86(2), 618–623 (1987).
[Crossref]

Mourant, J. R.

Niessner, R.

K. Zell, J. I. Sperl, M. W. Vogel, R. Niessner, and C. Haisch, “Acoustical properties of selected tissue phantom materials for ultrasound imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol. 52(20), N475–N484 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oraevsky, A. A.

G. M. Spirou, A. A. Oraevsky, I. A. Vitkin, and W. M. Whelan, “Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), N141–N153 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Patterson, M. S.

Pelivanov, I. M.

Pogue, B. W.

S. L. Jacques and B. W. Pogue, “Tutorial on diffuse light transport,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(4), 041302 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. W. Pogue and M. S. Patterson, “Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041102 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. W. Pogue, L. Lilge, M. S. Patterson, B. C. Wilson, and T. Hasan, “Absorbed photodynamic dose from pulsed versus continuous wave light examined with tissue-simulating dosimeters,” Appl. Opt. 36(28), 7257–7269 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Prahl, S. A.

T. Moffitt, Y. C. Chen, and S. A. Prahl, “Preparation and characterization of polyurethane optical phantoms,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 041103 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Preisser, S.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ricka, J.

H. G. Akarçay and J. Rička, “Simulating light propagation: towards realistic tissue models,” Proc. SPIE 8088, 80880K (2011).
[Crossref]

Schweizer, D.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Senegas, S.

M. Jaeger, S. Preisser, M. Kitz, D. Ferrara, S. Senegas, D. Schweizer, and M. Frenz, “Improved contrast deep optoacoustic imaging using displacement-compensated averaging: breast tumour phantom studies,” Phys. Med. Biol. 56(18), 5889–5901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shah, N.

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Siegenthaler, L.

M. Jaeger, L. Siegenthaler, M. Kitz, and M. Frenz, “Reduction of background in optoacoustic image sequences obtained under tissue deformation,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14(5), 054011 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Solomatin, V. S.

Sperl, J. I.

K. Zell, J. I. Sperl, M. W. Vogel, R. Niessner, and C. Haisch, “Acoustical properties of selected tissue phantom materials for ultrasound imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol. 52(20), N475–N484 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Spirou, G. M.

G. M. Spirou, A. A. Oraevsky, I. A. Vitkin, and W. M. Whelan, “Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), N141–N153 (2005).
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[Crossref]

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A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, L. Wang, and F. K. Tittel, “The influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(11), 1957–1975 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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G. M. Spirou, A. A. Oraevsky, I. A. Vitkin, and W. M. Whelan, “Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), N141–N153 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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K. Zell, J. I. Sperl, M. W. Vogel, R. Niessner, and C. Haisch, “Acoustical properties of selected tissue phantom materials for ultrasound imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol. 52(20), N475–N484 (2007).
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A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, L. Wang, and F. K. Tittel, “The influence of boundary conditions on the accuracy of diffusion theory in time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy of biological tissues,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40(11), 1957–1975 (1995).
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M. Xu and L. V. Wang, “Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77(4), 041101 (2006).
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Xu, M.

M. Xu and L. V. Wang, “Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77(4), 041101 (2006).
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T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
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Zubkov, L.

T. Durduran, R. Choe, J. P. Culver, L. Zubkov, M. J. Holboke, J. Giammarco, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Bulk optical properties of healthy female breast tissue,” Phys. Med. Biol. 47(16), 2847–2861 (2002).
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Appl. Opt. (3)

Biomed. Opt. Express (1)

J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (1)

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J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Phys. Med. Biol. (5)

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Zell, J. I. Sperl, M. W. Vogel, R. Niessner, and C. Haisch, “Acoustical properties of selected tissue phantom materials for ultrasound imaging,” Phys. Med. Biol. 52(20), N475–N484 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. M. Spirou, A. A. Oraevsky, I. A. Vitkin, and W. M. Whelan, “Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics,” Phys. Med. Biol. 50(14), N141–N153 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1)

N. Shah, A. Cerussi, C. Eker, J. Espinoza, J. Butler, J. Fishkin, R. Hornung, and B. Tromberg, “Noninvasive functional optical spectroscopy of human breast tissue,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(8), 4420–4425 (2001).
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Figures (10)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Diagram summarizing the different stages of the work presented in this paper: the optical properties (refractive index, transport mean free path, absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and scattering law) of the phantom were experimentally determined by the indicated set of experiments. Monte Carlo simulations were performed ex-post to validate the experimental results.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the principle of the time of flight (TOF) experiments: the light source – a picosecond laser – injects the light into the phantom at a point S; the individual photons are then subject to multiple scattering in the phantom (random photon paths are represented in red) until they exit the phantom or get absorbed in it. The photons that reach the detection point D (placed at a distance r from S) are detected and their individual TOF from S to D recorded in a histogram. This experiment is reproduced for different source-detector separations r and the obtained TOF distributions are then fitted to the diffusion model.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Detail of the setup used for the TOF measurements. (a) The gelatin phantom (5 L) is contained in a soda-lime glass aquarium. (b) and (c) In the holder-plate, the optodes can be placed at eight positions. Each pair of optode/orifice on the holder-plate corresponds to a different source-detector separation r. The tips of the needles are inside the phantom, at a depth of 40 mm beneath the phantom/air interface.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Example of the fit of the measured data (thin solid line in black) with the diffusion model (thicker line in red). The corresponding IRF is shown in green dots. For comparison, we also include the fit with the corresponding MC simulations (see Section 6) with the same parameters ℓ * and ℓ a (thicker line in blue).

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 The values of the transport mean free path (top) and absorption length (bottom) obtained from the TOF measurements with five different phantoms. The vertical dashed line is a “guide to the eye” indicating roughly the validity limit of the diffusion approximation.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 The absorbance A of TiO2 solutions (containing 16.7% weight percentage of gelatin) as the function of concentration c (left: sample thickness d = 0.1mm; right: d = 1mm).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Top view of the light scattering experiment. The light emitted by the laser is vertically polarized. We measured the light scattered by TiO2 suspensions (containing 16.7% weight percentage of gelatin) of different concentrations at various angles 40°≤θ≤140°.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Estimating the scattering law of the TiO2 scatterers immersed in gelatin: the pvgHG scattering law model is fitted to the extrapolated data (represented by “+” symbols in the main figure) corresponding to infinitesimal concentrations of TiO2, i.e., where the single scattering regime applies. The fitting is achieved by modifying the set of parameters {g, ν}. The extrapolation procedure which gives the values corresponding to infinitesimal concentrations is indicated in the inset figure.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Screenshot from the MC simulation: the simulation tool was used to reproduce the TOF measurements presented in Section 3 (depicted in Fig. 2). The colored disc visualizes the number of photons detected by the individual detector rings.

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Examples of the MC simulations where we varied the scattering law and its parameters. The curves in the inset of the bottom figure are polarization averaged. The data were generated in an overnight simulation including 60 million photons for each scattering law (total number of scattering events: 47 × 109). The simulated curves show the raw, non-normalized and unsmoothed data with a time-resolution of 2 ps. At small source-detector separations (top), the limitation of the diffusion model (red line) is clearly visible but the differences between the scattering laws are hardly discernable in the semi-log plot. These differences are significant at short times, as shown in the linear plot in the inset of the top figure. (The small bump at 25 ps is probably a commensurability artifact due to the finite resolution of the ring detector.) At large source-detector separations (bottom), the applicability of the diffusion model becomes apparent. At both distances, the diffusion model is shifted by τd ≈50ps.

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Tables (2)

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Table 1 The optical properties (at λ = 780 nm) assigned to the three different materials used in the experiment: the quantities listed here correspond to the experimental results and were provided as input parameters to the MC simulation program

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Table 2 Parameters obtained by fitting the diffusion model to the simulated data with ℓ input * =4.5 mm, ℓ a_input =190 mm

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Equations (9)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

∂P(r,t) ∂t − D p ∇ 2 P(r,t)=− α p P(r,t)+S(r,t)
D p = 1 3 c l ℓ *  and  α p = c l ℓ a .
P(r,t)= 1 (4π D p t) 3/2 ⋅exp( − r 2 4 D p t )⋅exp(− α p t)
μ s (c)=c  σ s_TiO2
ℓ * = 1 μ ′ s = 1 (1−g) μ s
I n (θ)= I meas (θ)− I blank (θ) I tol (θ)
I n (θ)= μ s μ s_tol p(θ) p tol (θ)
p(θ|c)= 3 8π μ s_tol μ s (c) I n (θ)
F(q|L,ν)∝ 1 [1+ (L|q|) 2 ] ν+3/2  where ν>−1

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