Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) has recently emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant found in groundwater and surface water, and there is a great need for rapid detection and monitoring of this contaminant. In this study, we explore the use of surface-enhanced (SERS) and normal Raman spectroscopy for detecting ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> at low concentrations. We found that ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> is SERS active and, for the first time, were able to detect ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> at concentrations as low as 10<sup>-6</sup>–10<sup>-7</sup> M (or 10–100 μg/L) through the application of silver SERS substrates or selective sorbents such as bifunctional anion-exchange resins. The use of selective sorbents greatly enhanced the reproducibility and sensitivity of ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> detection by normal Raman spectroscopy. Further exploration and research may allow application of these techniques for<i> in situ</i>, real-time detection and monitoring of ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> in environmental samples at even lower concentrations.
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