Infrared fibers

Guangming Tao; Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem; Alexander M. Stolyarov; Sylvain Danto; John V. Badding; Yoel Fink; John Ballato; Ayman F. Abouraddy

doi:10.1364/AOP.7.000379

Infrared fibers

Guangming Tao, Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Alexander M. Stolyarov, Sylvain Danto, John V. Badding, Yoel Fink, John Ballato, and Ayman F. Abouraddy

Advances in Optics and Photonics
Vol. 7,
Issue 2,
pp. 379-458
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.7.000379

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Guangming Tao, Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem, Alexander M. Stolyarov, Sylvain Danto, John V. Badding, Yoel Fink, John Ballato, and Ayman F. Abouraddy, "Infrared fibers," Adv. Opt. Photon. 7, 379-458 (2015)

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Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber optics (060.2310)
- Fiber optics, infrared (060.2390)
- Fiber properties (060.2400)
- Microstructured fibers (060.4005)
- Fiber materials (160.2290)
- Nonlinear optics, fibers (190.4370)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 7, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: April 7, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: April 8, 2015
- Published: June 15, 2015

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Abstract

Infrared (IR) fibers offer a versatile approach to guiding and manipulating light in the IR spectrum, which is becoming increasingly more prominent in a variety of scientific disciplines and technological applications. Despite well-established efforts on the fabrication of IR fibers in past decades, a number of remarkable breakthroughs have recently rejuvenated the field—just as related areas in IR optical technology are reaching maturation. In this review, we describe both the history and recent developments in the design and fabrication of IR fibers, including IR glass and single-crystal fibers, multimaterial fibers, and fibers that exploit the transparency window of traditional crystalline semiconductors. This interdisciplinary review will be of interest to researchers in optics and photonics, materials science, and electrical engineering.

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Corrections

19 February 2016: A correction was made to the funding section.

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	$n$	$n_{2} / n_{2}^{silica}$	$β_{2}$ ( ${ps}^{2} / km$ )	ZDW	Transparency (μm)
Glass	1.55 μm	1.55 μm	1.55 μm	(μm)	Bulk	Fiber
Silica	1.44	1.0	−26	1.26	0.2–3.5	0.3–2.1
ZBLAN FG	1.49	1.2	$\sim 7.6$	1.71	0.3–7.5	0.5–5.5
Tellurite glass	2.03	19	$\sim 110$	2.13	0.4–5.5	0.5–4.5
${As}_{2} S_{3}$ ChG	2.5	200	$\sim 500$	4.81	0.6–12	1.0–6.0
${As}_{2} {Se}_{3}$ ChG	2.9	600	$\sim 1000$	7.5	1.0–15	1.5–9.0
Te-based ChG	$\sim 3.2$ (2 μm)	$\sim 1,000$ (MIR)	—	$> 7.5$	1.5–20	2.0–12

Composition	${SiO}_{2}$	SF6	ZBLAN	${As}_{2} S_{3}$	PMMA	PES	Air
$T_{g}$ (°C)	1120	423	265	187	105	225	—
Linear TEC ( $10^{- 6} / K$ )	0.55	9.0	17.2	21.6	68	55	1490 (400°C)
$σ$ (kJ ${kg}^{- 1} K^{- 1}$ )	0.75	0.39	0.63	0.46	1.26	1.1	1.068 (400°C)
C [ $W / (m * K)]$	1.38	0.67	0.63	0.17	0.19	$\sim 0.15$	0.052 (400°C)

Composition ^a (mol. %)			$H_{2} O$ Content (ppm)	OH-Induced Loss ^b (dB/m)	Dehydration Method	IR Fiber Loss (dB/m) at $λ$ (μm)	Ref.
Main Components	Na-Content	F-Content	$H_{2} O$ Content (ppm)	OH-Induced Loss ^b (dB/m)	Dehydration Method	IR Fiber Loss (dB/m) at $λ$ (μm)	Ref.
${TeO}_{2} - ZnX - {Na}_{2} O$	10% ${Na}_{2} O$	10% ${ZnF}_{2}$	$< 1$	8	dry $O_{2} + {ZnF}_{2}$	13 at 3.3	[175]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnO - {Na}_{2} X$	5% ${Na}_{2} X$	2% NaCl	$< 0.2$	45	dry $O_{2} + NaCl$	—	[164]
${TeO}_{2} - PbX$	none	20% ${PbCl}_{2}$	$< 0.2$	10	dry $O_{2} + N_{2} + {PbCl}_{2}$	—	[164]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnO - {La}_{2} O_{3} - {Na}_{2} O$	5% ${Na}_{2} O$	none	10	50	dry $N_{2} + O_{2}$	0.8 at 2.0 1.7 at 2.3–2.4	[176]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnX - {Na}_{2} O$	10% ${Na}_{2} O$	20% ${ZnF}_{2}$	$< 3$	10	dry $O_{2} + {ZnF}_{2}$	—	[183]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnO - {Na}_{2} O - {Bi}_{2} O_{3}$	5% ${Na}_{2} O$	none with	0.5	5 0.5		0.9–1.2 at 1.4–2.2	[174]
${TeO}_{2} - {WO}_{3} - {La}_{2} O_{3}$	none	none with	0.5	3 0.8	dry $O_{2} + fluoride$	0.2–0.4 at 1.4–2.2	[174]
${TeO}_{2} - {WO}_{3} - {La}_{2} O_{3}$	none	with	0.5	0.6	dry $O_{2} + fluoride$	0.05 at 2.1–2.160.1 at 1.4–2.25	[179]
${TeO}_{2} - ZnO - {Bi}_{2} O_{3} - {(Li, Na)}_{2} O$	with	— ^c	—	—	—	—	[173]
${TeO}_{2} - {WO}_{3}$	none	none	0.5	0.5	dry $O_{2}$	—	[177]
Tellurite	— ^c	— ^c	— ^c	— ^c	— ^c	0.2 at 3.5	[23]

Glass Composition	$T_{g}$ °C	TEC $10^{- 7} / ° C$	$n$	$E_{ph}$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	Ref.
$75 {TeO}_{2} - 15 ZnO - 10 {Na}_{2} O$	290	190	2.0	750	[188]
$73 {TeO}_{2} - 20 ZnO - 5 {Na}_{2} O - 2 {La}_{2} O_{3}$	315	170	2.0	750	[111]
$60 {TeO}_{2} - 30 {WO}_{3} - 10 {La}_{2} O_{3}$	455	120	2.1	920	[189,190]
$60 {GeO}_{2} - 30 PbO - 5 {Na}_{2} O - 5 {La}_{2} O_{3}$	455		1.9	800	[111]
$56 {GeO}_{2} - 31 PbO - 9 {Na}_{2} O - 4 {Ga}_{2} O_{3}$	390	110	1.8	800	[187,191]
$65 {GeO}_{2} - 20 BaO - 10 {Ga}_{2} O_{3} - 5 {La}_{2} O_{3}$	610	90	1.7	850	[192,193]

Fiber Type	$D_{core}$ (μm)	Material	$λ$ (μm)	Material Loss (dB/m)	Fiber Loss (dB/m)	Ref.
PBG via omnidirectional dielectric mirror	700	ChG polymer	10.6	$10^{1}$ for glass $10^{5}$ for polymer	0.95	[21]
PBG via periodic air/glass structure	40	silica	3.14	$6 \times 10^{1}$	2.6	[423]
ARG via negative-curvature hollow core	94	silica	3.05	$6 \times 10^{1}$	0.034	[446]
ARG via negative-curvature hollow core	119	silica	3.4 7.7	$6 \times 10^{1} 10^{5}$	0.05 50	[434]
ARG via negative-curvature hollow core	380	silica	10.6	$5 \times 10^{1}$	11	[449]

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