Curved detectors for astronomical applications: characterization results on different samples

Simona Lombardo; Thibault Behaghel; Bertrand Chambion; Stéphane Caplet; Wilfried Jahn; Emmanuel Hugot; Eduard Muslimov; Melanie Roulet; Marc Ferrari; Christophe Gaschet; David Henry

doi:10.1364/AO.58.002174

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 9,
pp. 2174-2182
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.002174

Curved detectors for astronomical applications: characterization results on different samples

Simona Lombardo, Thibault Behaghel, Bertrand Chambion, Stéphane Caplet, Wilfried Jahn, Emmanuel Hugot, Eduard Muslimov, Melanie Roulet, Marc Ferrari, Christophe Gaschet, and David Henry

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Simona Lombardo, Thibault Behaghel, Bertrand Chambion, Stéphane Caplet, Wilfried Jahn, Emmanuel Hugot, Eduard Muslimov, Melanie Roulet, Marc Ferrari, Christophe Gaschet, and David Henry, "Curved detectors for astronomical applications: characterization results on different samples," Appl. Opt. 58, 2174-2182 (2019)

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Abstract

Due to the increasing dimension, complexity, and cost of future astronomical surveys, new technologies enabling more compact and simpler systems are required. The development of curved detectors allows enhancement of the performances of the optical system used (telescope or astronomical instrument), while keeping the system more compact. We describe here a set of five curved complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detectors developed within a collaboration between CEA-LETI and CNRS-LAM. These fully functional detectors 20 Mpix (CMOSIS CMV20000) have been curved to different radii of curvature and spherical shapes (both convex and concave) over a size of $24 \times 32 {mm}^{2}$ . Before being able to use them for astronomical observations, we assess the impact of the curving process on their performances. We perform a full electro-optical characterization of the curved detectors, by measuring the gain, the full well capacity, the dynamic range, and the noise properties, such as dark current, readout noise, pixel-relative non-uniformity. We repeat the same process for the flat version of the same CMOS sensor, as a reference for comparison. We find no significant difference among most of the characterization values of the curved and flat samples. We obtain values of readout noise of $10 e^{-}$ for the curved samples compared to the $11 e^{-}$ of the flat sample, which provides slightly larger dynamic ranges for the curved detectors. Additionally, we measure consistently smaller values of dark current compared to the flat CMOS sensor. The curving process for the prototypes shown in this paper does not significantly impact the performances of the detectors. These results represent the first step toward their astronomical implementation.

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Sample Name	Shape	$R_{c}$ (mm)
A	Flat	$\infty$
B	Concave	150
C	Concave	150
D	Convex	280
E	Convex	280
F	Concave	170

	$l_{ter}$	$q_{ter}$	$l_{IR}$	$q_{IR}$	$l_{Cter}$	$q_{Cter}$
A	$0.32 \pm 0.01$	$- 357.3 \pm 13.5$	–	–	$0.330 \pm 0.008$	$- 371.4 \pm 10.6$
B	$0.32 \pm 0.01$	$- 297.1 \pm 11.1$	$0.34 \pm 0.02$	$- 311.6 \pm 16.6$	$0.342 \pm 0.008$	$- 313.2 \pm 7.9$
C	$0.321 \pm 0.003$	$- 293.9 \pm 3.4$	$0.33 \pm 0.01$	$- 298.9 \pm 9.3$	$0.338 \pm 0.006$	$- 310.1 \pm 5.9$
D	$0.295 \pm 0.004$	$- 276.4 \pm 4.7$	$0.33 \pm 0.01$	$- 314.5 \pm 13.1$	$0.311 \pm 0.002$	$- 292.3 \pm 1.9$
E	$0.309 \pm 0.004$	$- 292.7 \pm 3.9$	$0.307 \pm 0.003$	$- 290.3 \pm 3.6$	$0.324 \pm 0.005$	$- 308.2 \pm 4.7$
F	$0.333 \pm 0.006$	$- 321.6 \pm 6.5$	$0.31 \pm 0.03$	$- 300.2 \pm 28.2$	$0.345 \pm 0.006$	$- 332.8 \pm 6.8$

	T (°C)
A	$34.9 \pm 0.2$
B	$33.1 \pm 0.2$
C	$35.2 \pm 0.2$
D	$40.1 \pm 0.5$
E	$35.1 \pm 0.1$
F	$34.9 \pm 0.1$

	A	B	C	D	E	F
Shape	Flat	Concave	Concave	Convex	Convex	Concave
$R_{c}$ (mm)	$\infty$	150	150	280	280	170
Bias ( $e^{-}$ )	$595.9 \pm 24.2$	$622.8 \pm 24.2$	$588.4 \pm 21.7$	$637.9 \pm 24.5$	$603.5 \pm 24.8$	$574.2 \pm 22.7$
Dark current	$431.4 \pm 2.7$	$309.5 \pm 3.4$	$293.8 \pm 2.9$	$770.6 \pm 2.3$	$263.2 \pm 3.3$	$265.3 \pm 1.0$
( $e^{-} / s$ ) @ 35°C				@ 40°C
Gain ( $DN / e^{-}$ )	$0.220 \pm 0.003$	$0.200 \pm 0.002$	$0.190 \pm 0.002$	$0.196 \pm 0.006$	$0.210 \pm 0.002$	$0.209 \pm 0.005$
RON ( $e^{-}$ )	11	10	10	10	10	10
Saturation (DN)	4095	4095	3951	4095	4095	4095
Dynamic range (dB)	64.74	66.26	66.44	66.26	65.98	66.14
Full well ( $e^{-}$ )	18018	19852	20206	19331	18896	19019
PRNU factor	1.2%	2.0%	2.1%	1.9%	2.0%	1.9%

Sample Name	Shape	$R_{c}$ (mm)
A	Flat	$\infty$
B	Concave	150
C	Concave	150
D	Convex	280
E	Convex	280
F	Concave	170

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Applied Optics