Multi-spectral infrared spectroscopy for robust plastic identification

Abraham Vázquez-Guardado; Mason Money; Nathaniel McKinney; Debashis Chanda

doi:10.1364/AO.54.007396

Applied Optics
Vol. 54,
Issue 24,
pp. 7396-7405
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.007396

Multi-spectral infrared spectroscopy for robust plastic identification

Abraham Vázquez-Guardado, Mason Money, Nathaniel McKinney, and Debashis Chanda

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Abraham Vázquez-Guardado, Mason Money, Nathaniel McKinney, and Debashis Chanda, "Multi-spectral infrared spectroscopy for robust plastic identification," Appl. Opt. 54, 7396-7405 (2015)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 21, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: June 21, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: June 24, 2015
- Published: August 18, 2015
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Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 10, Iss. 8

Abstract

The identification and classification of plastics plays an important role in waste management and recycling processes. Present electrical and optical sorting techniques lack the required resolution for accurate identification in a high throughput manner for a diverse set of plastics commonly found in municipal waste. In this work a multi-spectral infrared spectroscopic technique is employed to construct a unique fingerprint library of 12 plastic resin groups that are commonly encountered in municipal waste. We test the proposed method in a blind plastic identification experiment, which shows excellent unbiased identification accuracy. This simple optical technique in combination with the multi-spectral library will enable high throughput and accurate detection of various plastics from recovered solid waste.

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	Plastic		RIC	Typical Usage
Group 1	PET	Polyethylene Terephthalate	1	Drinking water and soda bottles, fruit containers
	HDPE	High Density Polyethylene	2	Container caps, water bottle caps, toys, household utensils
	PVC	Polyvinyl Chloride	3	Packaging containers, pipes, electrical cable insulators
	LDPE	Low Density Polyethylene	4	Laboratory wash bottles, consumer bags
	PP	Polypropylene	5	Kitchen containers, milk containers
	PS	Polystyrene	6	Disposable tape dispensers, compact disc cases, egg packing
	PC	Polycarbonate	7	Dielectric high-stability capacitors, compact discs, laboratory safety goggles
Group 2	Acrylic	Acrylic	7	Lens for glasses, windows (skylights), LCD screens
	Nylon	Polyamide	7	Clothing, thermoplastic, luggage, parachutes, backpacks
	POM	Polyoxymethylene (Acetal)		Small gear wheels, seat-belt components, ball bearings
	ABS	Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene		Lego bricks, musical instruments, protective headgear
	PTFE	Polytetrafluoroethylene		Dielectric layers, seals, gaskets, fittings

	Plastic	Valley Wavelengths $λ_{v} (σ)$ [μm]							Peak Wavelengths $λ_{p} (σ)$ [μm]
		NIR		MIR					MIR
		$λ_{v 1}$	$λ_{v 2}$	$λ_{v 3}$	$λ_{v 4}$	$λ_{v 5}$	$λ_{v 6}$	$λ_{v 7}$	$λ_{p 1}$	$λ_{p 2}$	$λ_{p 3}$	$λ_{p 4}$
Group 1	PET	1.664	1.910	5.739	7.67	8.764	9.769	–	5.831	8.05	9.139	9.865
	PET	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.017)	(0.02)	(0.011)	–	(0.003)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.007)
	HDPE	1.733	1.767	3.415	3.506	6.782	–	–	3.435	3.517	6.863	–
	HDPE	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	–	–	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	–
	PVC	1.718	1.746	6.95	7.467	7.883	–	–	7.062	7.602	8.16	–
	PVC	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.007)	–	–	(0.024)	(0.013)	(0.004)	–
	LDPE	1.733	1.767	3.412	3.505	6.786	–	–	3.435	3.519	6.864	–
	LDPE	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.003)	–	–	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.005)	–
	PP	1.709	1.727	6.822	7.248	–	–	–	6.923	7.297	–	–
	PP	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.008)	(0.007)	–	–	–	(0.006)	(0.004)	–	–
	PS-s	1.682	–	3.301	3.405	6.232	6.685	6.871	3.316	3.439	6.724	6.917
	PS-s	(0.002)	–	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.004)
	PS-f	–	–	3.307	3.418	6.248	6.699	6.885	3.353	3.482	–	–
	PS-f	–	–	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.003)	(0.003)	–	–
	PC	1.670	1.903	7.906	8.301	8.547	–	–	8.174	8.409	8.624	–
		(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.000)	–	–	(0.004)	(0.000)	(0.004)	–
Group 2	Acrylic	–	–	5.727	7.811	8.301	–	–	5.814	7.002	8.111	8.762
	Acrylic	–	–	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.000)	–	–	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.005)
	POM	–	–	8.036	9.766	–	–	–	8.094	9.161	10.693	11.073
	POM	–	–	(0.000)	(0.019)	–	–	–	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.012)
	Nylon	–	–	5.995	6.378	–	–	–	6.122	6.524	–	–
	Nylon	–	–	(0.008)	(0.03)	–	–	–	(0.009)	(0.01)	–	–
	ABS	–	–	6.677	6.859	10.287	10.93	–	6.721	10.463	11.083	–
	ABS	–	–	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.010)	–	(0.006)	(0.012)	(0.006)	–
	PTFE	–	–	8.517	–	–	–	–	8.252	8.689	–	–
	PTFE	–	–	(0.006)	–	–	–	–	(0.008)	(0.003)	–	–

	Plastic		RIC	Typical Usage
Group 1	PET	Polyethylene Terephthalate	1	Drinking water and soda bottles, fruit containers
	HDPE	High Density Polyethylene	2	Container caps, water bottle caps, toys, household utensils
	PVC	Polyvinyl Chloride	3	Packaging containers, pipes, electrical cable insulators
	LDPE	Low Density Polyethylene	4	Laboratory wash bottles, consumer bags
	PP	Polypropylene	5	Kitchen containers, milk containers
	PS	Polystyrene	6	Disposable tape dispensers, compact disc cases, egg packing
	PC	Polycarbonate	7	Dielectric high-stability capacitors, compact discs, laboratory safety goggles
Group 2	Acrylic	Acrylic	7	Lens for glasses, windows (skylights), LCD screens
	Nylon	Polyamide	7	Clothing, thermoplastic, luggage, parachutes, backpacks
	POM	Polyoxymethylene (Acetal)		Small gear wheels, seat-belt components, ball bearings
	ABS	Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene		Lego bricks, musical instruments, protective headgear
	PTFE	Polytetrafluoroethylene		Dielectric layers, seals, gaskets, fittings

	Plastic	Valley Wavelengths $λ_{v} (σ)$ [μm]							Peak Wavelengths $λ_{p} (σ)$ [μm]
		NIR		MIR					MIR
		$λ_{v 1}$	$λ_{v 2}$	$λ_{v 3}$	$λ_{v 4}$	$λ_{v 5}$	$λ_{v 6}$	$λ_{v 7}$	$λ_{p 1}$	$λ_{p 2}$	$λ_{p 3}$	$λ_{p 4}$
Group 1	PET	1.664	1.910	5.739	7.67	8.764	9.769	–	5.831	8.05	9.139	9.865
	PET	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.017)	(0.02)	(0.011)	–	(0.003)	(0.013)	(0.014)	(0.007)
	HDPE	1.733	1.767	3.415	3.506	6.782	–	–	3.435	3.517	6.863	–
	HDPE	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	–	–	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	–
	PVC	1.718	1.746	6.95	7.467	7.883	–	–	7.062	7.602	8.16	–
	PVC	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.006)	(0.007)	–	–	(0.024)	(0.013)	(0.004)	–
	LDPE	1.733	1.767	3.412	3.505	6.786	–	–	3.435	3.519	6.864	–
	LDPE	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.003)	–	–	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.005)	–
	PP	1.709	1.727	6.822	7.248	–	–	–	6.923	7.297	–	–
	PP	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.008)	(0.007)	–	–	–	(0.006)	(0.004)	–	–
	PS-s	1.682	–	3.301	3.405	6.232	6.685	6.871	3.316	3.439	6.724	6.917
	PS-s	(0.002)	–	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(0.000)	(0.004)
	PS-f	–	–	3.307	3.418	6.248	6.699	6.885	3.353	3.482	–	–
	PS-f	–	–	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.003)	(0.003)	–	–
	PC	1.670	1.903	7.906	8.301	8.547	–	–	8.174	8.409	8.624	–
		(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.000)	–	–	(0.004)	(0.000)	(0.004)	–
Group 2	Acrylic	–	–	5.727	7.811	8.301	–	–	5.814	7.002	8.111	8.762
	Acrylic	–	–	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.000)	–	–	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.005)
	POM	–	–	8.036	9.766	–	–	–	8.094	9.161	10.693	11.073
	POM	–	–	(0.000)	(0.019)	–	–	–	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.012)	(0.012)
	Nylon	–	–	5.995	6.378	–	–	–	6.122	6.524	–	–
	Nylon	–	–	(0.008)	(0.03)	–	–	–	(0.009)	(0.01)	–	–
	ABS	–	–	6.677	6.859	10.287	10.93	–	6.721	10.463	11.083	–
	ABS	–	–	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.010)	–	(0.006)	(0.012)	(0.006)	–
	PTFE	–	–	8.517	–	–	–	–	8.252	8.689	–	–
	PTFE	–	–	(0.006)	–	–	–	–	(0.008)	(0.003)	–	–

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Applied Optics