Reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for imaging and identifying concealed interfaces in insulated systems

Seth N. Lowry; Brad D. Price; Brad D. Price; Ian D. Hartley; Mark R. A. Shegelski; Matt Reid

doi:10.1364/AO.429888

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 23,
pp. 6818-6828
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.429888

Reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for imaging and identifying concealed interfaces in insulated systems

Seth N. Lowry, Brad D. Price, Ian D. Hartley, Mark R. A. Shegelski, and Matt Reid

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Seth N. Lowry, Brad D. Price, Ian D. Hartley, Mark R. A. Shegelski, and Matt Reid, "Reflection terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for imaging and identifying concealed interfaces in insulated systems," Appl. Opt. 60, 6818-6828 (2021)

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- Imaging Systems, Image Processing, and Displays
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 28, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: July 5, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: July 9, 2021
- Published: August 4, 2021

Abstract

Polarization-resolved reflection spectroscopy enabled by a custom ultrahigh molecular weight polymer dove prism is used to identify spectral characteristics that manifest in the time domain at terahertz frequencies, which shows promise in combination with terahertz time-domain reference-free reflection imaging at a concealed interface. The method is used to produce ${100} \times {100}$ pixel images of an interface concealed by an ultrahigh molecular weight polymer using TE and TM polarized terahertz fields. The construction of material-specific image filters is guided by a theoretical reflection model by identifying reflection pulse characteristics unique to an interface. Application of these filters to the collected terahertz images distinguishes materials at the interface including the concealing plastic, water, air, glass, and metal that are correctly identified and imaged.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Configuration	UHMW–Sample Interface	$E (t)^{max}$ (a.u.)	$E (t)^{min}$ (a.u.)	$Δ t_{max}$ (ps)	$Δ t_{min}$ (ps)	$Δ t_{p - p}$ (ps)	$ϕ_{o}$ (rads)
TE	Metal	0.62	-0.46	1.4	2.0	2.0	$- π$
	Air	0.20	-0.27	2.0	1.4	-2.0	0
	Water	0.32	-0.20	1.4	2.4	2.2	$- π$
	Glass	0.20	-0.15	1.4	2.0	2.0	$π$
TM	Metal	4.2	-5.7	2.0	1.4	-2.0	$- π$
	Air	0.20	-0.27	2.0	1.4	-2.0	$π$
	Water	1.2	-2.1	2.6	1.6	-2.4	$- π$
	Glass	0.79	-1.1	2.0	1.4	-2.0	$π$

		Filter Condition(s)
Sample Interface	Filter Color	TE	TM
Metal	Red	$E (t)^{max} > 0.1$ (a.u.)	$E (t)^{max} > 0.06$ (a.u.)
Air	Yellow	$Δ t_{p - p} \leq - 1.75 p s$	$Δ t_{p - p} \leq - 1.75 p s$
			$E (t)^{min} \geq - 0.024$ (a.u.)
			$ϕ_{o} \geq 2.5$ (rads)
Water	Blue	$Δ t_{p - p} \geq 2.20 p s$	$Δ t_{max} \geq 2.20 p s$
		$\int \| \tilde{E} (ω) \| d ω \leq 2.25$ (a.u.)	$1.2 \leq \int \| \tilde{E} (ω) \| d ω \leq 1.8$ (a.u.)
		$- 8.0 \leq ϕ_{o} \leq - 5.4$ (rads)
Glass	Green	$0.06 \leq E (t)^{max} \leq 0.09$ (a.u.)	$1.5 \leq Δ t_{max} \leq 2.0$
		$- 0.055 < E (t)^{min} \leq - 0.04$ (a.u.)	$1.6 \leq \int \| \tilde{E} (ω) \| d ω \leq 1.9$ (a.u.)
		$- 0.20 \leq ϕ_{o} \leq 0.20$ (rads)

	Metal	Glass	Air	Water	None
Metal	220/232	0/0	0/0	0/0	0/0
Glass	0/0	112/155	0/0	0/0	23/6
Air	0/0	0/0	220/197	3/1	33/52
Water	0/0	1/0	0/0	150/198	11/35
None	5/8	113/70	5/13	75/12	8856/8800
Total	225/240	226/225	225/210	228/211	8923/8893
Accuracy (%)	97.8/96.7	49.6/68.9	97.8/93.8	65.8/93.8	99.2/99.0
Overall (%)					97.2/98.0

Configuration	UHMW–Sample Interface	$E (t)^{max}$ (a.u.)	$E (t)^{min}$ (a.u.)	$Δ t_{max}$ (ps)	$Δ t_{min}$ (ps)	$Δ t_{p - p}$ (ps)	$ϕ_{o}$ (rads)
TE	Metal	0.62	-0.46	1.4	2.0	2.0	$- π$
	Air	0.20	-0.27	2.0	1.4	-2.0	0
	Water	0.32	-0.20	1.4	2.4	2.2	$- π$
	Glass	0.20	-0.15	1.4	2.0	2.0	$π$
TM	Metal	4.2	-5.7	2.0	1.4	-2.0	$- π$
	Air	0.20	-0.27	2.0	1.4	-2.0	$π$
	Water	1.2	-2.1	2.6	1.6	-2.4	$- π$
	Glass	0.79	-1.1	2.0	1.4	-2.0	$π$

		Filter Condition(s)
Sample Interface	Filter Color	TE	TM
Metal	Red	$E (t)^{max} > 0.1$ (a.u.)	$E (t)^{max} > 0.06$ (a.u.)
Air	Yellow	$Δ t_{p - p} \leq - 1.75 p s$	$Δ t_{p - p} \leq - 1.75 p s$
			$E (t)^{min} \geq - 0.024$ (a.u.)
			$ϕ_{o} \geq 2.5$ (rads)
Water	Blue	$Δ t_{p - p} \geq 2.20 p s$	$Δ t_{max} \geq 2.20 p s$
		$\int \| \tilde{E} (ω) \| d ω \leq 2.25$ (a.u.)	$1.2 \leq \int \| \tilde{E} (ω) \| d ω \leq 1.8$ (a.u.)
		$- 8.0 \leq ϕ_{o} \leq - 5.4$ (rads)
Glass	Green	$0.06 \leq E (t)^{max} \leq 0.09$ (a.u.)	$1.5 \leq Δ t_{max} \leq 2.0$
		$- 0.055 < E (t)^{min} \leq - 0.04$ (a.u.)	$1.6 \leq \int \| \tilde{E} (ω) \| d ω \leq 1.9$ (a.u.)
		$- 0.20 \leq ϕ_{o} \leq 0.20$ (rads)

Abstract

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Applied Optics