Simulations of vehicular optical wireless communication systems and
comparisons with DSRC systems

Jianan Zhang; Omar Alharbi; Omar Alharbi; Timothy J. Kane

doi:10.1364/AO.416563

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 20,
pp. E17-E33
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.416563

Simulations of vehicular optical wireless communication systems and comparisons with DSRC systems

Jianan Zhang, Omar Alharbi, and Timothy J. Kane

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Jianan Zhang, Omar Alharbi, and Timothy J. Kane, "Simulations of vehicular optical wireless communication systems and comparisons with DSRC systems," Appl. Opt. 60, E17-E33 (2021)

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Abstract

Optical wireless communication (OWC) has been proposed as a complementary technique to radio frequency (RF) communications for vehicular applications. OWC systems can be categorized into two types based on the transmitters: the first one is the light-emitting diode (LED)-based OWC system, and the second is the laser diode (LD)-based OWC system. Simulations of both types of OWC systems are presented in this paper. To simulate the OWC systems precisely, outdoor experiments of OWC systems have been done and the measurements of background noise are applied in the simulations. In terms of the LED-based OWC system, the impulse responses are obtained by an improved ray tracing algorithm. To reduce the computational complexity, visibility graphs are applied in the improved ray tracing algorithm. Compared with the brute force algorithm, our improved algorithm is able to reduce the computational complexity from $O({n^3})$ to $O({n^2}\log (n))$, where $n$ is the number of mobile terminals. In LD-based OWC systems, the performance and stability are highly dependent on the tracking system in vehicular applications. Therefore, this paper also analyzes the requirements of tracking accuracy in LD-based OWC systems. Finally, the simulated LED-based OWC system is compared with the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) system under different traffic densities. Our experimental and simulation results have demonstrated that OWC can be a complementary technique for DSRC under conditions of high traffic density.

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Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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	LD	LED
Data rate	$\sqrt$
Communication distance	$\sqrt$
Signal-to-noise ratio	$\sqrt$
Eye safety		$\sqrt$
Costs of installments		$\sqrt$
Stability in mobile applications		$\sqrt$
Complexity of transceivers		$\sqrt$

	RF	OWC
Transmitter	Antenna	LED/LD
Receiver	Antenna	PD/APD
Frequency band	3 kHz to 300 GHz	3–750 THz
Noise source	Electrical devices	Sun and artificial light sources
Health issues	No confirmed issue	Eye safety, skin damage
Requirement of LOS	No	Yes
Security	Low	High
Inter-cell interference	High	Low
Spectrum regulation	Yes	No
Standardization	Mature	In progress
Sensitivity to mobility	Low	High
Data rate	Up to 6 Gbits/s	LED: Up to 10 Gbits/s
Data rate	Up to 6 Gbits/s	LD: up to 100 Gbits/s
Communication distance	Up to 100 km	LED: up to 1.4 km
Communication distance	Up to 100 km	LD: up to 10,000 km

	LD	LED
Wavelength of the transmitter	1550 nm	400–750 nm (white light)
Power of the transmitter	6.6 mW (emitted)	1 W (rated) [9]
Divergence angle of the laser beam	${0.09}^{\circ} \pm {0.02}^{\circ}$	N/A
Modulation scheme	QPSK	OOK, QPSK, and 16-QAM
Bit rate	1 Mbit/s	1 Mbit/s
Modulation depth	15%	15%
Carrier frequency	4 MHz	4 MHz
Maximum bandwidth of the receiver	11 MHz	5.5 MHz
Gain of the receiver	$1.51 * 10^{3} V / A$	$4.75 * 10^{3} V / A$
Responsivity of the receiver	1.04 A/W	0.06–0.38 A/W
Physical size of the receiver	2 mm diameter	3.6 mm * 3.6 mm
Diameter of the concentrator	2.54 cm (1 inch)	2.54 cm (1 inch)
Sampling frequency	20 MHz	20 MHz

Physical size of the optical receiver	3.6 mm * 3.6 mm
Bandwidth of the optical receiver	10 MHz
Modulation scheme	QPSK
Data rate	1 Mbits/s
Coding rate	1/2
Emitted power of the LED transmitter	10 W
Modulation depth	100%
Noise level	–40 dBm ( $10^{- 7} W$ )
Number of simulated vehicles	80
Number of simulated vehicles	4.8 m * 1.8 m * 1.5 m
Dimensions of simulated vehicles	5.0 m * 2.0 m * 2.2 m
Dimensions of simulated vehicles	10.0 m * 2.2 m * 4.0 m
Average distance between two vehicles	5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 30 m
Maximum speed of simulated vehicles	4 m/s, 8 m/s, 16 m/s, 24 m/s
Simulation time	50 s
Reflection rate of vehicle bodies	0.6
Reflection rate of the ground	0.3
Number of rays emitted by each transmitter	5000
Lambertian order of the LED light source	1
Half-angle FOV of the optical concentrator	$29^{\circ}$
Maximum gain of the optical concentrator	9.77

Transmit power	20 dBm (0.1 W)
Noise level	–104 dBm
Number of channels	7
Bandwidth of each channel	10 MHz
Modulation scheme	QPSK-OFDM
Number of data subcarriers	48
Subcarrier spacing	156.25 kHz
Baseband sampling rate	10 MHz
Data rate	6 Mbits/s
Coding rate	1/2

	$n_{1}$	$n_{2}$	$P L_{0}$	$σ$
LOS	–1.81	–2.85	–63.9	4.15
OLOS	–1.93	–2.74	–72.3	6.67

	$n_{1}$	$n_{2}$	$P L_{0}$	$σ$
LOS	–1.81	–2.85	–63.9	4.15
OLOS	–1.93	–2.74	–72.3	6.67

Abstract

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (17)

Tables (8)

Equations (2)

Applied Optics