Design of a compact dual-channel panoramic annular lens with a large
aperture and high resolution

Shaohua Gao; Shaohua Gao; Elena A. Tsyganok; Elena A. Tsyganok; Xiping Xu

doi:10.1364/AO.418976

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 11,
pp. 3094-3102
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.418976

Design of a compact dual-channel panoramic annular lens with a large aperture and high resolution

Shaohua Gao, Elena A. Tsyganok, and Xiping Xu

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Shaohua Gao, Elena A. Tsyganok, and Xiping Xu, "Design of a compact dual-channel panoramic annular lens with a large aperture and high resolution," Appl. Opt. 60, 3094-3102 (2021)

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Abstract

We propose a compact dual-channel panoramic annular lens (PAL) with a large aperture and high resolution to solve three major shortcomings of conventional PAL systems: resolution, imaging quality, and compactness. Using polarization technology, the system integrates two optical channels to eliminate the central blind area. Using our PAL aperture ray-tracing model, the large aperture PAL system with a low F-number of 2.5 and a diameter ratio of 1.5 is realized. The field of view (FoV) of the front channel is $360^\circ \times (0^\circ {-} 45^\circ )$, and the FoV of the side channel is $360^\circ \times (45^\circ {-} 100^\circ )$. Both channels apply Q-type aspheres. The Airy radii of the front channel and the side channel are 1.801 and 1.798 µm, respectively. It indicates that they match the 1.8 µm pixel sensor and can form a great image on the same sensor. The modulation transfer function at 157 lp/mm is greater than 0.4 over the entire FoV. The F-$\theta$ distortion is less than 5%, and the relative illuminance is higher than 0.78 in the two channels. The excellent imaging results prove the feasibility of our PAL design method and the advantages of the compact dual-channel PAL system for space-constrained scenes.

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Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Parameter	Initial Value
$d_{1}$	2.44 mm
$t$	3.4 mm
$r_{T_{1}}$	4 mm
$d_{2}$	6.85 mm
$n_{g l a s s}$	1.741
$w$	100°
$n_{a i r}$	1
$Δ t$	0.655 mm

	Side Channel	Front Channel
Wavelength	486–656 nm	486–656 nm
F-number	2.5	2.5
Effective focal length	1.55 mm	0.80 mm
FoV	$360^{\circ} \times (45^{\circ} - 100^{\circ})$	$360^{\circ} \times (0^{\circ} - 45^{\circ})$
F- $θ$ Distortion	$< 4 %$	$< 5 %$
Relative illumination	$> 0.78$	$> 0.98$
RMS spot radius	$< 1.539 µ m$	$< 2.153 µ m$
Total length	22.3 mm
Diameter ratio	1.5

Tolerance Item	Value
Radius (fringe)	$\leq 3$
Thickness (mm)	$\pm 0.02$ for PAL block and front correction lens $\pm 0.016$ for relay lens
Surface decenter (mm)	$\pm 0.01$
Element tilt (°)	$\pm 0.1$
Element decenter (mm)	$\pm 0.016$ for PAL block and front correction lens $\pm 0.008$ for relay lens
Surface irregularity (fringe)	$\leq 0.2$
Refractive index	$\pm 0.001$
Abbe number (%)	$\pm 1$

Parameter	Initial Value
$d_{1}$	2.44 mm
$t$	3.4 mm
$r_{T_{1}}$	4 mm
$d_{2}$	6.85 mm
$n_{g l a s s}$	1.741
$w$	100°
$n_{a i r}$	1
$Δ t$	0.655 mm

	Side Channel	Front Channel
Wavelength	486–656 nm	486–656 nm
F-number	2.5	2.5
Effective focal length	1.55 mm	0.80 mm
FoV	$360^{\circ} \times (45^{\circ} - 100^{\circ})$	$360^{\circ} \times (0^{\circ} - 45^{\circ})$
F- $θ$ Distortion	$< 4 %$	$< 5 %$
Relative illumination	$> 0.78$	$> 0.98$
RMS spot radius	$< 1.539 µ m$	$< 2.153 µ m$
Total length	22.3 mm
Diameter ratio	1.5

Abstract

Data Availability

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Figures (11)

Tables (3)

Equations (23)

Applied Optics