The Evaluation of Interior Lighting on the Basis of Visual Criteria

H. Richard Blackwell

doi:10.1364/AO.6.001443

The Evaluation of Interior Lighting on the Basis of Visual Criteria

H. Richard Blackwell

Applied Optics
Vol. 6,
Issue 9,
pp. 1443-1467
(1967)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.6.001443

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H. Richard Blackwell, "The Evaluation of Interior Lighting on the Basis of Visual Criteria," Appl. Opt. 6, 1443-1467 (1967)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 14, 1967
- Published: September 1, 1967

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Abstract

Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity data are used to derive a unified visual performance contour which describes the generalized improvement in visual performance resulting as task background luminance is increased. Factors which influence the difficulty of visual tasks are described, and examples are given of the degree of task background luminance, and hence illuminance, required to permit criterion levels of performance for sample tasks. Physical principles and devices are described which permit measurements of: (a) task object contrast, (b) the integral of ocular light scatter which reduces task image contrast, and (c) the joint effect of luminance differences in the environment which produce transitional adaptive effects on visual performance. These physical aspects of luminous environments are shown to influence visual performance in quantitative ways which may be assessed by reference to the standard performance contour. An over-all lighting performance index is derived which takes account of the task background luminance and these three other measures of the effects physical aspects of luminous environments have upon visual performance. Lighting performance indices are presented for five sample lighting installations, which reveal the overriding importance of other aspects of luminous environments than the level of illuminance they provide. The problem of predicting the over-all visual performance to be expected from specific luminous environments in advance of construction is discussed, and empirically derived calculational methods are described.

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	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

Installation	10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	0.836	0.837	0.856	0.859	0.837
Fixtures, prisms	0.788	0.789	0.847	0.882	0.896
Fixtures, polarizers	0.830	0.838	0.880	0.904	0.908
Ceiling, diffusers	0.957	0.980	0.988	0.988	0.971
Ceiling, polarizers	0.963	0.989	1.003	1.016	1.018

Installation	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	1.046
Fixtures, prisms	1.051
Fixtures, polarizers	1.057
Ceiling, diffusers	1.030
Ceiling, polarizers	1.037

	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

Installation	10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	1.026	1.026	1.028	1.029	1.029
Fixtures, prisms	1.027	1.027	1.030	1.030	1.030
Fixtures, polarizers	1.028	1.028	1.030	1.031	1.031
Ceiling, diffusers	1.025	1.025	1.027	1.028	1.028
Ceiling, polarizers	1.028	1.028	1.029	1.030	1.030

Installation	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	1.027
Fixtures, prisms	1.025
Fixtures, polarizers	1.025
Ceiling, diffuser	1.021
Ceiling, polarizers	1.023

θ	k
0–45°	450
—	—
—	—
50°	473
55°	506
60°	550
65°	602
70°	661
75°	729
80°	800
—	—
—	—

$\tilde{C}$	B_r
0.451	2985
0.452	2680
0.453	2450
0.454	2305
0.455	2180
0.456	2090
0.457	2000
0.458	1890
0.459	1820
0.460	1760
0.461	1690
0.462	1640
0.463	1580
0.464	1535
0.465	1490
0.466	1440
0.467	1405
0.468	1360
0.469	1320
0.470	1280
0.471	1250
0.472	1210
0.473	1180
0.474	1150
0.475	1125
0.476	1100
0.477	1060
0.478	1035
0.479	1020
0.480	994
0.481	965
0.482	934
0.483	906
0.484	893
0.485	866
0.486	847
0.487	829
0.488	804
0.489	789
0.490	774
0.491	759
0.492	744
0.493	724
0.494	706
0.495	697
0.496	679
0.497	666
0.498	655
0.499	644
0.500	632
0.501	621
0.502	606
0.503	595
0.504	580
0.505	572
0.506	557
0.507	544
0.508	538
0.509	526
0.510	514
0.511	508
0.512	496
0.513	487
0.514	479
0.515	467
0.516	460
0.517	452
0.518	444
0.519	437
0.520	428
0.521	422
0.522	416
0.523	408
0.524	402
0.525	396
0.526	388
0.527	382
0.528	374
0.529	368
0.530	362
0.531	354
0.532	348
0.533	342
0.534	334
0.535	328
0.536	322
0.537	316
0.538	312
0.539	304
0.540	298
0.541	293
0.542	289
0.543	284
0.544	279
0.545	275
0.546	270
0.547	264
0.548	259
0.549	255
0.550	252
0.551	248
0.552	243
0.553	241
0.554	239
0.555	234
0.556	229
0.557	226
0.558	222
0.559	219
0.560	216
0.561	213
0.562	210
0.563	206
0.564	202
0.565	199
0.566	196
0.567	193
0.568	190
0.569	187
0.570	184
0.571	182
0.572	179
0.573	177
0.574	175
0.575	172
0.576	170
0.577	166
0.578	164
0.579	161
0.580	159
0.581	156
0.582	155
0.583	152
0.584	150
0.585	147
0.586	145
0.587	142
0.588	141
0.589	140
0.590	138
0.591	136
0.592	135
0.593	133
0.594	132
0.595	130
0.596	128
0.597	126
0.598	125
0.599	124
0.600	122
0.601	120
0.602	118
0.603	117
0.604	115
0.605	114
0.606	112
0.607	110
0.608	108
0.609	107
0.610	106
0.611	104
0.612	102
0.613	101
0.614	100
0.615	98.4
0.616	96.8
0.617	96.0
0.618	94.4
0.619	92.8
0.620	92.0
0.621	90.8
0.622	89.8
0.623	88.4
0.624	87.4
0.625	86.3
0.626	84.9
0.627	84.2
0.628	82.9
0.629	81.7
0.630	81.1
0.631	79.9
0.632	78.7
0.633	77.8
0.634	76.9
0.635	76.0
0.636	75.1
0.637	74.0
0.638	73.2
0.639	72.5
0.640	72.0
0.641	71.0
0.642	70.0
0.643	69.5
0.644	68.5
0.645	67.5
0.646	66.5
0.647	65.8
0.648	65.3
0.649	64.7
0.650	63.9
0.651	63.3
0.652	62.7
0.653	61.9
0.654	61.1
0.655	60.7
0.656	59.9
0.657	59.3
0.658	58.7
0.659	57.9
0.660	57.5
0.661	56.9
0.662	56.3
0.663	55.5
0.664	54.7
0.665	54.1
0.666	53.5
0.667	52.7
0.668	51.9
0.669	51.5
0.670	51.1
0.671	50.3
0.672	49.5
0.673	48.9
0.674	48.4
0.675	47.8
0.676	47.5
0.677	46.9
0.678	46.3
0.679	46.0
0.680	45.4
0.681	45.0
0.682	44.5
0.683	44.0
0.684	43.6
0.685	43.0
0.686	42.6
0.687	42.0
0.688	41.5
0.689	40.9
0.690	40.4
0.691	40.2
0.692	39.9
0.693	39.3
0.694	39.0
0.695	38.7
0.696	38.3
0.697	38.0
0.698	37.7
0.699	37.4
0.700	37.1
0.701	36.3
0.702	35.9
0.703	35.6
0.704	35.3
0.705	34.9
0.706	34.7
0.707	34.4
0.708	34.1
0.709	33.7
0.710	33.3
0.711	32.9
0.712	32.7
0.713	32.4
0.714	32.1
0.715	31.7
0.716	31.4
0.717	31.1
0.718	30.9
0.719	30.7
0.720	30.5
0.721	30.2
0.722	30.0
0.723	29.7
0.724	29.4
0.725	29.1
0.726	29.0
0.727	28.8
0.728	28.5
0.729	28.2
0.730	28.0
0.731	27.8
0.732	27.5
0.733	27.2
0.734	27.0
0.735	26.8
0.736	26.6
0.737	26.2
0.738	26.0
0.739	25.8
0.740	25.6
0.741	25.5
0.742	25.2
0.743	25.0
0.744	24.8
0.745	24.5
0.746	24.4
0.747	24.2
0.748	24.0
0.749	23.9
0.750	23.6
0.751	23.4
0.752	23.3
0.753	23.1
0.754	22.9
0.755	22.8
0.756	22.6
0.757	22.4
0.758	22.3
0.759	2212
0.760	22.0
0.761	21.8
0.762	21.6
0.763	21.5
0.764	21.3
0.765	21.1
0.766	20.9
0.767	20.8
0.768	20.6
0.769	20.5
0.770	20.3
0.771	20.2
0.772	20.0
0.773	19.8
0.774	19.7
0.775	19.5
0.776	19.3
0.777	19.2
0.778	19.1
0.779	19.0
0.780	18.8
0.781	18.7
0.782	18.6
0.783	18.4
0.784	18.3
0.785	18.2
0.786	18.0
0.787	17.8
0.788	17.7
0.789	17.6
0.790	17.4
0.791	17.3
0.792	17.2
0.793	17.1
0.794	17.0
0.795	16.9
0.796	16.8
0.797	16.6
0.798	16.5
0.799	16.3
0.800	16.2
0.801	16.1
0.802	16.0
0.803	15.9
0.804	15.8
0.805	15.6
0.806	15.5
0.807	15.4
0.808	15.3
0.809	15.2
0.810	15.1
0.811	15.0
0.812	14.9
0.813	14.8
0.814	14.8
0.815	14.7
0.816	14.6
0.817	14.5
0.818	14.4
0.819	14.3
0.820	14.2
0.821	14.1
0.822	14.0
0.823	13.9
0.824	13.8
0.825	13.7
0.826	13.6
0.827	13.6
0.828	13.5
0.829	13.4
0.830	13.3
0.831	13.2
0.832	13.1
0.833	13.0
0.834	13.0
0.835	12.9
0.836	12.8
0.837	12.7
0.838	12.6
0.839	12.5
0.840	12.5
0.841	12.4
0.842	12.3
0.843	12.2
0.844	12.1
0.845	12.0
0.846	12.0
0.847	11.9
0.848	11.8
0.849	11.8
0.850	11.7
0.851	11.6
0.852	11.5
0.853	11.4
0.854	11.4
0.855	11.3
0.856	11.3
0.857	11.2
0.858	11.1
0.859	11.0
0.860	11.0
0.861	10.9
0.862	10.8
0.863	10.7
0.864	10.7
0.865	10.6
0.866	10.6
0.867	10.5
0.868	10.5
0.869	10.4
0.870	10.3
0.871	10.3
0.872	10.2
0.873	10.2
0.874	10.1
0.875	10.1
0.876	10.0

	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

Installation	10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	0.912	0.912	0.914	0.914	0.914
Fixtures, prisms	0.932	0.932	0.931	0.931	0.931
Fixtures, polarizers	0.926	0.926	0.925	0.925	0.925
Ceiling, diffusers	0.928	0.928	0.928	0.928	0.928
Ceiling, polarizers	0.954	0.954	0.955	0.955	0.955

Installation	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	0.889
Fixtures, prisms	0.882
Fixtures, polarizers	0.882
Ceiling, diffusers	0.938
Ceiling, polarizers	0.945

Installation	N	E	S	W	U	R	D	L
Fixtures, diffusers	0.988	0.999	0.986	0.993	0.958	0.998	0.989	1.000
Fixtures, prisms	0.999	0.995	0.983	0.998	0.981	0.990	0.989	0.994
Fixtures, polarizers	0.995	0.995	0.985	0.997	0.971	0.993	0.988	0.998
Ceiling, diffusers	0.987	0.996	0.991	0.996	0.969	0.998	0.992	0.997
Ceiling, polarizers	0.995	1.000	0.990	1.000	0.977	1.000	0.992	1.000

Installation	U	R	D	L
Fixtures, diffusers	0.907	0.998	0.987	0.994
Fixtures, prisms	0.891	0.999	0.992	0.998
Fixtures, polarizers	0.899	0.997	0.991	0.993
Ceiling, diffusers	0.956	0.998	0.988	0.996
Ceiling, polarizers	0.957	1.000	0.990	0.999

Installation	E_h (ft-c)	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

		10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	150	98.5	98.8	108	111	112
Fixtures, prisms	232	154	154	174	172	172
Fixtures, polarizers	210	146	146	162	162	162
Ceiling, diffusers	208	138	143	148	152	152
Ceiling, polarizers	218	153	156	163	165	166

Installation	E_v (ft-c)	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	75.8	53.7
Fixtures, prisms	94.0	67.3
Fixtures, polarizers	95.0	72.0
Ceiling, diffusers	112	76.7
Ceiling, polarizers	106	74.8

	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

Installation	10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	1.091	1.092	1.105	1.107	1.108
Fixtures, prisms	1.152	1.152	1.168	1.168	1.168
Fixtures, polarizers	1.147	1.147	1.160	1.160	1.160
Ceiling, diffusers	1.138	1.144	1.148	1.152	1.152
Ceiling, polarizers	1.152	1.155	1.160	1.162	1.164

Installation	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	1.008
Fixtures, prisms	1.039
Fixtures, polarizers	1.049
Ceiling, diffusers	1.058
Ceiling, polarizers	1.050

Installation	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	0.962
Fixtures, prisms	0.987
Fixtures, polarizers	1.000
Ceiling, diffusers	1.043
Ceiling, polarizers	1.053

	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

Installation	10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	612	590	417	399	501
Fixtures, prisms	864	820	367	258	227
Fixtures, polarizers	518	470	272	210	201
Ceiling, diffusers	154	123	109	108	123
Ceiling, polarizers	110	88.8	75.6	67.6	64.3

	Viewing angle (degrees from vertical)

Installation	10	25	40	50	60
Fixtures, diffusers	24.6	25.0	30.9	32.2	28.0
Fixtures, prisms	27.0	27.5	46.9	63.0	72.0
Fixtures, polarizers	35.5	37.0	56.3	70.0	72.3
Ceiling, diffusers	91.5	113	131	132	115
Ceiling, polarizers	136	171	209	230	237

Installation	On-axis viewing angle
Fixtures, diffusers	52.2
Fixtures, prisms	63.0
Fixtures, polarizers	70.0
Ceiling, diffusers	97.5
Ceiling, polarizers	105

Abstract

References

Cited By

Figures (50)

Tables (22)

Equations (9)

Metrics

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