Parametric optimization of visible wavelength gold lattice geometries for improved plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy

Casey A. Norville; Kyle Z. Smith; Jeremy M. Dawson

doi:10.1364/AO.384653

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 8,
pp. 2308-2318
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.384653

Parametric optimization of visible wavelength gold lattice geometries for improved plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy

Casey A. Norville, Kyle Z. Smith, and Jeremy M. Dawson

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Casey A. Norville, Kyle Z. Smith, and Jeremy M. Dawson, "Parametric optimization of visible wavelength gold lattice geometries for improved plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 59, 2308-2318 (2020)

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- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 28, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: January 24, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: January 27, 2020
- Published: March 2, 2020

Abstract

We report the exploitation of spectroplasmonics for innovations in optical transducer development, specifically in the well-established application of labeled fluorescent analytes known as fluorescence spectroscopy. Presented herein are comprehensive analyses of nanoscale plasmonic lattice feature geometries using finite-difference time-domain software to determine the largest surface electric ($E$) field enhancement resulting from localized surface plasmon resonance for reducing the limit of detection of plasmon-enhanced fluorescence. This parametric optimization of the critical dimensions of the plasmon resonance of noble metal nanostructures will enable improved excitation and emission enhancement of fluorophores used in visible wavelength fluorescence spectroscopy.

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Plasmonic Mode and Structure	Intensity Enhancement ( $\| E \|^{2} / \| E_{0} \|^{2}$ )	Wavelength	Reference
SPP: flat and corrugated Au films	$\sim 90$	$λ = 630 n m$	[13]
SPP: flat and corrugated Au films	$\sim 45$	$λ = 630 n m$	[13]
LSPR: Au nanoshell and spherical NPs	$\sim 10$	$λ = 617 n m$	[13]
LSPR: Au nanoshell and spherical NPs	181	$λ = 780 n m$	[13]
LSPR: Au NP dimers	$\sim 350$	$λ = 780 n m$	[13]
LSPR: Au NP dimers	$\sim 100$	$λ = 630 n m$	[13]
SPP and LSPR: Au nanodisk and nanohole arrays	$\sim 10$	$λ \sim 630 n m$	[13]
LSPR: Ag bow-tie NP arrays	$\sim 100$	$λ \sim 780 n m$	[13]
SPP and LSPR: concentric gratings with nanoholes	$\sim 10$	$λ \sim 633 n m$	[13]
LSPR and SPP: diffractive arrays of cylindrical NPs	$\sim 200$	$λ = 630 - 670 n m$	[13]
SPR: Ag cylindrical channel nanopillars	52,900	$λ \sim 1015 n m$	[15]
LSPR: arrays of Au square nanopillars	$\sim 13.69$	$λ = 560 - 565 n m$	[16]
LSPR: Au nanospheres	$\sim 6.25$	$λ \sim 525 n m$	[17]
LSPR: Au nanostars	$\sim 36 - 256$	$λ \sim 575 - 750 n m$	[17]
LSPR: Au nanospheres	$\sim 1600$	$λ \sim 505 n m$	[18]
LSPR: Au nanostars	$\sim 133, 225$	$λ \sim 625 n m$	[18]
LSPR: Au nanotriangles	$\sim 8100$	$λ \sim 525 n m$	[18]
LSPR: Au nanotriangles	10,000	$λ \sim 649 n m$	[19]
LSPR: Au nanostars	21,025	$λ = 594 n m$	[20]
	27,225	$λ = 717 n m$
	62,001	$λ = 804 n m$
LSPR: Au nanorods	1000	$λ = 650 n m$	[21]
LSPR: Au nanorods	324	$λ = 526 n m$	[22]
LSPR: Au nanorods	324	$λ = 630 n m$	[22]
LSPR: Au nanotriangle	400	$λ = 803 n m$	[23]
LSPR: Au nanocone arrays	25	$λ = 395 n m$	[24]
	25	$λ = 406 n m$
	25	$λ = 411 n m$
	25	$λ = 430 n m$
LSPR: Au nanospheres	2.56	$λ = 520 n m$	[25]
LSPR: Au nanorods	1.44	$λ = 925 n m$	[25]
LSPR: Au nanostars	256	$λ = 720 n m$	[25]

Transition State	Process	Rate Constant	Time Scale (s)
$S (0) \to S (1)$ or S(n)	absorption (excitation)	instantaneous	$10^{- 15}$
$S (n) \to S (1)$	internal conversion	$k (i c)$	$10^{- 14} - 10^{- 10}$
$S (1) \to S (1)$	vibrational relaxation	$k (v r)$	$10^{- 12} - 10^{- 10}$
$S (1) \to S (0)$	fluorescence	$k (f)$ or $Γ$	$10^{- 9} - 10^{- 7}$
$S (1) \to T (1)$	intersystem crossing	$k (p T)$	$10^{- 10} - 10^{- 8}$
$S (1) \to S (0)$	nonradiative relaxation/quenching	$k (n r), k (q)$	$10^{- 7} - 10^{- 5}$
$T (1) \to S (0)$	phosphorescence	$k (p)$	$10^{- 3} - 100$
$T (1) \to S (0)$	nonradiative relaxation/quenching	$k (n r), k (q T)$	$10^{- 3} - 100$

Length or Diameter ( $l$ , $d$ ) (nm)	Lattice Constant Sweep ( $a$ ) (nm)	Au Thickness ( $t$ ) (nm)
$l_{1}, d_{1} - 50$	$a_{1} : 75 - 400 (14)$	$t_{1} : 5 - 105 (5)$
$l_{2}, d_{2} - 75$	$a_{2} : 100 - 400 (13)$	$t_{2} : 5 - 105 (5)$
$l_{3}, d_{3} - 100$	$a_{3} : 125 - 400 (12)$	$t_{3} : 5 - 105 (5)$
$l_{4}, d_{4} - 125$	$a_{4} : 150 - 400 (11)$	$t_{4} : 5 - 105 (5)$
$l_{5}, d_{5} - 150$	$a_{5} : 175 - 400 (10)$	$t_{5} : 5 - 105 (5)$
$l_{6}, d_{6} - 175$	$a_{6} : 200 - 400 (9)$	$t_{6} : 5 - 105 (5)$
$l_{7}, d_{7} - 200$	$a_{7} : 225 - 400 (8)$	$t_{7} : 5 - 105 (5)$

Feature Geometry	$l$ or $d$ (nm)	$a$ (nm)	$t$ (nm)	Enhancement ( $\| E \| / \| E_{0} \|$ )	Intensity ( $\| E \|^{2} / \| E_{0} \|^{2}$ )	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$λ$ (nm)
Cylinders	50	375	5	18.27	333.79	300–800	744
Squares	50	325	80	22.87	523.04	300–800	588
Stars	75	350	30	18.73	350.81	300–800	599
Triangles	75	275	80	19.45	378.30	300-800	617

Feature Geometry	$l$ or $d$ (nm)	$a$ (nm)	$t$ (nm)	Enhancement ( $\| E \| / \| E_{0} \|$ )	Intensity ( $\| E \|^{2} / \| E_{0} \|^{2}$ )	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$λ$ (nm)
Cylinders	50	375	5	51.98	2701.92	700–800	701
Squares	50	325	80	211.10	44,563.21	550–650	614
Stars	75	350	30	335.39	112,486.45	550–650	625
Triangles	75	275	80	251.52	63,262.31	550–650	648

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Tables (5)

Equations (15)

Applied Optics