Abstract

Lithium niobate crystal is widely used for the design and fabrication of integrated electro-optic modulators. As a ferroelectric material, one sees its spontaneous polarization change with temperature variations. This phenomenon, known as the pyroelectric effect, induces strong waveguide transmission variations for waveguides realized on $Z$-cut wafers. Waveguides made by titanium in-diffusion either on the ${{\rm{Z}}^ +}$ or ${{\rm{Z}}^ -}$ side of the crystal show a significant difference in temperature behavior. Experimental data, enlightened by numerical simulations, help to show why ${{\rm{Z}}^ -}$ waveguides are more immune to temperature changes than ${{\rm{Z}}^ +}$ ones.

© 2020 Optical Society of America

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