SPR performance enhancement for DNA hybridization employing black phosphorus, silver, and silicon

Yesudasu Vasimalla; Himansu Shekhar Pradhan; Rahul Jashvantbhai Pandya

doi:10.1364/AO.397452

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 24,
pp. 7299-7307
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.397452

SPR performance enhancement for DNA hybridization employing black phosphorus, silver, and silicon

Yesudasu Vasimalla, Himansu Shekhar Pradhan, and Rahul Jashvantbhai Pandya

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Yesudasu Vasimalla, Himansu Shekhar Pradhan, and Rahul Jashvantbhai Pandya, "SPR performance enhancement for DNA hybridization employing black phosphorus, silver, and silicon," Appl. Opt. 59, 7299-7307 (2020)

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Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 13, 2020
- Revised Manuscript: July 11, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: July 14, 2020
- Published: August 18, 2020

Abstract

We present the performance enhancement of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization employing black phosphorus (BP), silver (Ag), and silicon (Si) configurations and numerical analysis. The combination of Ag and BP demonstrates the sensitivity of 91.54°/RIU with degradation of detection accuracy (DA), quality factor (QF), and figure of merit (FOM). To enhance the DA, QF, and FOM, a novel SPR is proposed with Si, which demonstrates a DA and QF of 69 and ${1061.6}\;{{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$, which are 8.53 and 11.04 times, and an FOM of 554.58, which is 4.47 and 5.77 times higher than both the conventional and graphene-based SPR sensors, respectively.

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Structure	Combination
1. Conventional SPR	Prism (1)-Ag (2)-Sensing layer (7) (without Si, BP, graphene)
2. SPR sensor with graphene	Prism (1)-Ag (2)-Graphene (5)-Sensing layer (7) (without Si, and BP)
3. SPR sensor with BP (proposed work-1)	Prism (1)-Ag (2)-BP (4)-Graphene (5)-Sensing layer (without Si)
4. SPR sensor with silicon (proposed work-2)	Prism (1)-Ag (2)-Si(3)-BP (4)-Graphene (5)-Affinity layer (6)- Sensing layer (7)

Fig. No.	Structure	RI	Thickness
3(a)	Prism/Ag/BP/graphene/sensing layer	$1.723 / 0.056206 + 4.27761 i / 3.5 + 0.01 i / 3 + 1.149106 i / 1.334$	$A g = 50 n m$ , $B P = B \times 0.53 n m$ (B is number of BP layers), $g r a p h e n e = 0.34 n m$
3(b)	Prism/Ag/BP/graphene/sensing layer	$1.723 / 0.056206 + 4.27761 i / 3.5 + 0.01 i / 3 + 1.149106 i / 1.334$	$A g = 50 n m$ , $B P = 5 n m$ , $g r a p h e n e = G \times 0.34 n m$ . (G is number of graphene layers)
3(c)	Prism/Ag/BP/graphene/sensing layer	$1.723 / 0.056206 + 4.27761 i / 3.5 + 0.01 i / 3 + 1.149106 i / 1.334$	$A g = 50 n m$ , $B P = B \times 0.53 n m$ , $g r a p h e n e = G \times 0.34 n m$ . (G is number of graphene layers)

Fig. No.	Structure	RI	Thickness
4(a)	Prism/Ag/Si/BP/graphene/affinity/sensing layer	$1.723 / 3.916 / 0.056206 + 4.27761 i / 3.5 + 0.01 i / 3 + 1.149106 i / 1.625 / 1.334$	$A g = 50 n m$ , $S i = 45 n m$ , $B P = B \times 0.53 n m$ (B is number of BP layers), $g r a p h e n e = 0.34 n m$ , $a f f i n i t y = 50 n m$
4(b)	Prism/Ag/Si/BP/graphene/affinity/sensing layer	$1.723 / 3.916 / 0.056206 + 4.27761 i / 3.5 + 0.01 i / 3 + 1.149106 i / 1.625 / 1.334$	$A g = 50 n m$ , $S i = 45 n m$ , $B P = 5 n m$ (B is number of BP layers), $g r a p h e n e = G \times 0.34 n m$ , $a f f i n i t y = 50 n m$

Structure	Conv. SPR	Ag/Gr	Ag/BP/Gr	Ag/Si/BP/Gr
$θ_{r e s} (^{\circ})$ -before ssDNA adsorption	54.68	54.86	58.69	55.88
$θ_{r e s} (^{\circ})$ -after ssDNA adsorption	59.37	59.55	64.56	62.33
$Δ θ_{res} (^{\circ})$	4.69	4.69	5.93	3.45
$R_{min}$ (%)	$2.6 \times 10^{- 3}$	$9.29 \times 10^{- 4}$	$6 \times 10^{- 4}$	0.4776
FWHM	0.58	0.75	1.67	0.05
S ( $^{\circ} / R I U$ )	72.15	72.15	91.54	53.08
DA	8.09	6.25	3.61	69
QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	124.4	96.2	54.81	1061.6
FOM	124.07	96.11	54.78	554.58

DNA Concentration $c_{a}$ in (nM)	$θ_{r e s} (^{\circ})$	$R_{min}$	$δ θ_{S P R}^{P - T} (^{\circ})$	$δ R_{S P R}^{P - T} (%)$
1000 [probe]	59.09	0.003467	—	—
1000 [CT]	60.39	0.003463	1.3	$4 \times 10^{- 6}$
1001 [CT]	60.64	0.003406	1.55	$6.1 \times 10^{- 5}$
1010 [CT]	60.74	0.003447	1.65	$2 \times 10^{- 5}$
1100 [CT]	60.82	0.003436	1.73	$3.1 \times 10^{- 5}$

DNA Concentration $c_{a}$ in (nM)	$θ_{r e s} (^{\circ})$	$R_{min}$	$δ θ_{S P R}^{P - T} (^{\circ})$	$δ R_{S P R}^{P - T} (%)$
1000 [probe]	51.13	0.01792	—	0.016835
1000 [CT]	51.91	0.001085	0.78	0.007931
1001 [CT]	52.06	0.09723	0.93	0.15758
1010 [CT]	52.11	0.1755	0.98	0.25268
1100 [CT]	52.18	0.2706	1.05	0.016835

S. No.	Reference	Structure Used	S (°/RIU)	DA	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	FOM
1	Rahman et al. 2017 [1]	SF-10 Prism-Au-graphene-MoS₂-PBS solution	87.8	1.28	17.56	—
2	Wu et al. 2017 [22]	BK-7 Prism-Ag-BP-graphene-5-layer-sensing layer	217	—	—	—
3	Saika et al. 2017 [25]	SF-10 Prism-Au-BP-graphene-PBS solution	125	0.95	13.62	—
4	Alka et al. 2015 [26]	SF-10 Prism-Au-graphene-affinity layer-sensing layer	33.98	0.298	2.78	—
5	Maurya et al. 2015 [27]	SF-10 Prism-Au-graphene-affinity-sensing layer	27.29	4.16	4.12	—
6	Proposed work-1	SF-10 Prism-Ag-BP-graphene layer-PBS solution	91.54	3.61	54.81	54.78
7	Proposed work-2	SF-10 Prism-Ag-Si-BP-graphene layer- affinity-PBS solution	53.08	69	1061.6	554.58

Himansu Shekhar Pradhan	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-3432
Rahul Jashvantbhai Pandya	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3259-817X

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Equations (11)

Applied Optics