Off-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy for analysis of multicomponent gas mixtures at high concentrations using broadband vibrational overtones of individual gas species

Ramya Selvaraj; Nilesh J. Vasa; S. M. Shiva Nagendra

doi:10.1364/AO.58.004118

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 15,
pp. 4118-4126
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.004118

Off-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy for analysis of multicomponent gas mixtures at high concentrations using broadband vibrational overtones of individual gas species

Ramya Selvaraj, Nilesh J. Vasa, and S. M. Shiva Nagendra

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Ramya Selvaraj, Nilesh J. Vasa, and S. M. Shiva Nagendra, "Off-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy for analysis of multicomponent gas mixtures at high concentrations using broadband vibrational overtones of individual gas species," Appl. Opt. 58, 4118-4126 (2019)

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Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 20, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: April 2, 2019
- Manuscript Accepted: April 16, 2019
- Published: May 20, 2019

Abstract

The broadband photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technique is proposed and demonstrated for measurement of ${CH}_{4}$ , ${CO}_{2}$ , and $H_{2} O$ vapor in the 1.6 to 2.0 μm wavelength region. The wide spectrum of a supercontinuum light source is used to cover broadband absorption bands of multiple gas species. This sensor works in the off-resonant frequency of the designed photoacoustic cell and exhibits a wide concentration measurement range of parts per billion by volume (ppb-v) to 100%. The PAS sensor is further tested in real time by measuring the concentration of ${CO}_{2}$ , ${CH}_{4}$ , and $H_{2} O$ vapor in biogas plants.

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Sample	${CO}_{2}$ (%)	${CH}_{4}$ (%)	$N_{2}$ (%)	Theoretical Frequency (Hz)
1	1.96	0.0096	98.03	792.60
2	3.04	0.05	96.91	789.78
3	4.93	0.49	94.58	785.32
4	9.83	5.01	85.16	780.37
5	30.1	20.7	49.2	787.92
6	38.3	61.7	–	787.19

Sensor Characteristics	${CO}_{2}$		${CH}_{4}$
Sensor Characteristics	801 Hz	1100 Hz	801 Hz	1100 Hz
Least Detection Limit (ppmv)	1	10	$2 \times 10^{- 3}$	$50 \times 10^{- 3}$
Precision ( $Δ_{PA signal}$ ) (%)	$\pm 0.04$	$\pm 0.07$	$\pm 0.04$	$\pm 0.07$
Measurement Range	Up to50%	Up to 100%	Up to 70%	Up to 100%
Resolution (ppmv)		10		10

Gas Species	Source	Wavelength/Power	LDL	Accuracy
${CO}_{2}$ [3,16,26]	Diode Lasers	$λ = 1.573 μm$ ; $P = 4.5 mW$	30 ppm
	Diode Lasers	$λ = 2 μm$ ; $P = 4.4 mW$	18 ppm
	LED	$λ = 4.2 μm$ ; $P = 0.04 mW$		$\pm 1 %$
${CH}_{4}$ [5,16,27]	Diode Lasers	$λ = 1.651 μm$ ; $P = 18 mW$	27 ppb
	Diode Lasers	$λ = 3.4 μm$ ; $P = 1 mW$	0.1 ppm
	LED	$λ = 3.4 μm$ ; $P = 0.2 mW$		$\pm 1 %$
$H_{2} O$ [5,28]	Diode Lasers	$λ = 1.3686 μm$ ; $P = 22 mW$	5 ppb
$H_{2} O$ [5,28]	Diode Lasers	$λ = 1.3686 μm$ ; $P = 9.5 mW$	0.09 ppm

Sample	${CO}_{2}$ (%)	${CH}_{4}$ (%)	$N_{2}$ (%)	Theoretical Frequency (Hz)
1	1.96	0.0096	98.03	792.60
2	3.04	0.05	96.91	789.78
3	4.93	0.49	94.58	785.32
4	9.83	5.01	85.16	780.37
5	30.1	20.7	49.2	787.92
6	38.3	61.7	–	787.19

Sensor Characteristics	${CO}_{2}$		${CH}_{4}$
Sensor Characteristics	801 Hz	1100 Hz	801 Hz	1100 Hz
Least Detection Limit (ppmv)	1	10	$2 \times 10^{- 3}$	$50 \times 10^{- 3}$
Precision ( $Δ_{PA signal}$ ) (%)	$\pm 0.04$	$\pm 0.07$	$\pm 0.04$	$\pm 0.07$
Measurement Range	Up to50%	Up to 100%	Up to 70%	Up to 100%
Resolution (ppmv)		10		10

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Applied Optics