Terahertz refractive index sensor based on Tamm plasmon-polaritons with graphene

M. Mehdi Keshavarz; Abbas Alighanbari

doi:10.1364/AO.58.003604

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 13,
pp. 3604-3612
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.003604

Terahertz refractive index sensor based on Tamm plasmon-polaritons with graphene

M. Mehdi Keshavarz and Abbas Alighanbari

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M. Mehdi Keshavarz and Abbas Alighanbari, "Terahertz refractive index sensor based on Tamm plasmon-polaritons with graphene," Appl. Opt. 58, 3604-3612 (2019)

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Abstract

A novel terahertz (THz) refractive index sensor based on Tamm plasmon-polaritons (TPPs), comprising a Bragg reflector and a graphene layer, is proposed. A semi-analytical transfer matrix method is used to study the proposed structure and its sensing performance. The sensor demonstrates a sensitivity of 0.744 THz per refractive index unit (THz/RIU), or equivalently, $175.5 μm / RIU$ , and a figure of merit of $10.33 {RIU}^{- 1}$ at the operating frequency of 1.132 THz. The effects of structural parameters on the sensing performance are studied, offering new methods for improving TPP-based sensors. The proposed approach is a simple and practical alternative to traditional, and often more complex, THz sensing approaches, due to the ease of excitation, which lifts the requirement of phase and polarization-matching devices such as polarizers, prisms, and gratings. The proposed structure is studied for gas sensing, and its performance is compared with previous THz refractive index sensing structures.

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DBR Layers (μm)
Case	Max.	Gap	TPX	Gap	TPX	Gap	TPX	Gap	TPX	Sensitivity	FoM	Sensitivity	FoM
Case	Error	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	(THz/RIU)	${RIU}^{- 1}$	Change	Change
1	0%	75	51.5	75	51.5	75	51.5	75	25	0.744	10.33	—	—
2	$\pm 5 %$	78.45	53.17	76.17	52.5	71.52	50.56	77.62	24.22	0.754	9.57	$+ 1.3 %$	−7.36%
3	$\pm 5 %$	78.25	53.82	76.34	49.1	76.93	51.18	76.82	25.37	0.743	10.04	−0.13%	−2.81%
4	$\pm 5 %$	74.19	50.89	76.17	52.87	72.53	53.02	76.55	25.52	0.721	10.51	−3.1%	$+ 1.74 %$
5	$\pm 10 %$	75.71	55.92	69.58	49.95	69.74	48.37	71.36	24.26	0.771	8.03	$+ 3.63 %$	−22.27%
6	$\pm 10 %$	80.11	48.94	71.31	52.7	79.71	51.22	71.15	26.65	0.726	10.2	−2.42%	−1.26%
7	$\pm 10 %$	69.29	48.98	74.48	51.56	81.89	55.5	72.6	27.3	0.689	11.14	−7.39%	$+ 7.84 %$

Ref.	Mechanism	Structure	Sensitivity (THz/RIU)	FoM $({RIU}^{- 1})$	$S / f_{0}$ $({RIU}^{- 1})$
[17]	SPR	Otto (Prism+…)	6.65	1187	$≃ {0.887}^{*}$
[23]	Plasmonic Structure	Metamaterial	0.139	$≃ 3^{*}$	$≃ {0.2}^{*}$
[26]	Metamaterial Absorber	Metamaterial	2.58	385	0.875*
[30]	Fano Resonance	Metamaterial	1.444	6.566	$≃ {0.16}^{*}$
[36]	Spoof Plasmons	Otto+Gratings	0.52	49	0.304*
[45]	Plasmonic Waveguide	Waveguide+Corrugations	0.13	16.75	0.406*
This Work	Tamm Plasmons	DBR+Graphene	0.744	10.33	0.657

DBR Layers (μm)
Case	Max.	Gap	TPX	Gap	TPX	Gap	TPX	Gap	TPX	Sensitivity	FoM	Sensitivity	FoM
Case	Error	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	(THz/RIU)	${RIU}^{- 1}$	Change	Change
1	0%	75	51.5	75	51.5	75	51.5	75	25	0.744	10.33	—	—
2	$\pm 5 %$	78.45	53.17	76.17	52.5	71.52	50.56	77.62	24.22	0.754	9.57	$+ 1.3 %$	−7.36%
3	$\pm 5 %$	78.25	53.82	76.34	49.1	76.93	51.18	76.82	25.37	0.743	10.04	−0.13%	−2.81%
4	$\pm 5 %$	74.19	50.89	76.17	52.87	72.53	53.02	76.55	25.52	0.721	10.51	−3.1%	$+ 1.74 %$
5	$\pm 10 %$	75.71	55.92	69.58	49.95	69.74	48.37	71.36	24.26	0.771	8.03	$+ 3.63 %$	−22.27%
6	$\pm 10 %$	80.11	48.94	71.31	52.7	79.71	51.22	71.15	26.65	0.726	10.2	−2.42%	−1.26%
7	$\pm 10 %$	69.29	48.98	74.48	51.56	81.89	55.5	72.6	27.3	0.689	11.14	−7.39%	$+ 7.84 %$

Ref.	Mechanism	Structure	Sensitivity (THz/RIU)	FoM $({RIU}^{- 1})$	$S / f_{0}$ $({RIU}^{- 1})$
[17]	SPR	Otto (Prism+…)	6.65	1187	$≃ {0.887}^{*}$
[23]	Plasmonic Structure	Metamaterial	0.139	$≃ 3^{*}$	$≃ {0.2}^{*}$
[26]	Metamaterial Absorber	Metamaterial	2.58	385	0.875*
[30]	Fano Resonance	Metamaterial	1.444	6.566	$≃ {0.16}^{*}$
[36]	Spoof Plasmons	Otto+Gratings	0.52	49	0.304*
[45]	Plasmonic Waveguide	Waveguide+Corrugations	0.13	16.75	0.406*
This Work	Tamm Plasmons	DBR+Graphene	0.744	10.33	0.657

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Applied Optics