SHADOWS: a spectro-gonio radiometer for bidirectional reflectance studies of dark meteorites and terrestrial analogs: design, calibrations, and performances on challenging surfaces

Sandra Potin; Olivier Brissaud; Pierre Beck; Bernard Schmitt; Yves Magnard; Jean-Jacques Correia; Patrick Rabou; Laurent Jocou

doi:10.1364/AO.57.008279

Applied Optics
Vol. 57,
Issue 28,
pp. 8279-8296
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.008279

SHADOWS: a spectro-gonio radiometer for bidirectional reflectance studies of dark meteorites and terrestrial analogs: design, calibrations, and performances on challenging surfaces

Sandra Potin, Olivier Brissaud, Pierre Beck, Bernard Schmitt, Yves Magnard, Jean-Jacques Correia, Patrick Rabou, and Laurent Jocou

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Sandra Potin, Olivier Brissaud, Pierre Beck, Bernard Schmitt, Yves Magnard, Jean-Jacques Correia, Patrick Rabou, and Laurent Jocou, "SHADOWS: a spectro-gonio radiometer for bidirectional reflectance studies of dark meteorites and terrestrial analogs: design, calibrations, and performances on challenging surfaces," Appl. Opt. 57, 8279-8296 (2018)

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Table of Contents Category
- Instrumentation and Measurements
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 1, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: August 25, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: August 30, 2018
- Published: September 26, 2018

Abstract

We have developed a new spectro-gonio radiometer, SHADOWS, to study in the laboratory the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of dark and precious samples. The instrument operates over a wide spectral range from the visible to the near-infrared (350–5000 nm) and is installed in a cold room to operate at a temperature as low as $- 20 ° C$ . The high flux monochromatic beam is focused on the sample, resulting in an illumination spot of about 5.2 mm in diameter. The reflected light is measured by two detectors with high sensitivity (down to 0.005% in reflectance) and absolute accuracy of 1%. The illumination and observations angles, including azimuth, can be varied over wide ranges. This paper presents the scientific and technical constraints of the spectro-gonio radiometer, its design and additional capabilities, as well as the performances and limitations of the instrument.

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Pinhole (μm)	Illumination Spot (1 Fiber)	Maximum Size
500	1.73 mm by 1.32 mm	2.33 mm by 1.31 mm
600	1.77 mm by 1.37 mm	2.50 mm by 1.64 mm
700	1.80 mm by 1.43 mm	2.80 mm by 1.94 mm

Characteristics	Quantities
Spectral Range
Nominal range	400–4700 nm
Low SNR ranges (factor of 100 lower)	300–400 nm and 4700–5000 nm
${CO}_{2}$ absorption band	between 4200 and 4300 nm
For opposition effect	400–1700 nm
Lamp and lamp housing
Intensity stabilizer	0.1% over 24 h
Chopper frequency	413 Hz
Monochromator
Input and output slits	Height: 15 mm, width: from 4 μm to 2 mm
Gratings	1) 350–680 nm, 1200 lines/mm—Max resolution: 6.4 nm
	2) 680–1400 nm, 600 lines/mm—Max resolution: 12.8 nm
	3) 1400–3600 nm, 300 lines/mm—Max resolution: 25.8 nm
	4) 3600–5000 nm, 150 lines/nm—Max resolution: 51.3 nm
Wavelength accuracy	Gratings 1 and 2: 0.2 nm, Grating 3: 0.4 nm, Grating 4: 0.6 nm
Bidirectional Reflectance
Incidence angle	0°–75° (60° for bright samples)
	Resolution (solid angle of illumination): $\pm 2.9 °$
	Minimum sampling: 0.001°
Emergence angle	$0 ° - \pm 85 °$
	Resolution: $\pm 2.05 °$ (options: 0.8°, 1.25°, 1.65° but lower SNR)
	Minimum sampling: 0.001°
Azimuth angle	0°–180°
	Resolution: $\pm 2.05 °$ (options: 0.8°, 1.25°, 1.65° but lower SNR)
	Minimum sampling: 0.001°
Phase angle	5°–160°
Phase angle	For bright samples $\approx 8 ° - 140 °$ .
Illumination spot size on sample	5.2 mm (nadir) (option: 1.7 by 1.2 mm or less, but lower SNR)
Observation FOV on sample	Diameter 20 mm (nadir)
Transmission
Incidence angle	0°–75°
Incidence angle	Resolution: $\pm 2.9 °$
Emergence angle	0°–85° in both H and V planes (direct transmission at 0°)
	Resolution: $\pm 2.05 °$ (options: 0.8°, 1.25°, 1.65° but lower SNR)
	Minimum sampling 0.001°

Detector	$Response > 90 %$	$Response > 80 %$
Visible (nadir)	Diameter 10 mm	Diameter 15 mm
Infrared (nadir)	Diameter 15 mm	Diameter 17 mm
Visible (30°)	Ellipse 12 by 10 mm	Ellipse 15 by 12 mm
Infrared (30°)	Ellipse 20 by 15 mm	Ellipse 22 by 17 mm

Pinhole (μm)	Illumination Spot (1 Fiber)	Maximum Size
500	1.73 mm by 1.32 mm	2.33 mm by 1.31 mm
600	1.77 mm by 1.37 mm	2.50 mm by 1.64 mm
700	1.80 mm by 1.43 mm	2.80 mm by 1.94 mm

Characteristics	Quantities
Spectral Range
Nominal range	400–4700 nm
Low SNR ranges (factor of 100 lower)	300–400 nm and 4700–5000 nm
${CO}_{2}$ absorption band	between 4200 and 4300 nm
For opposition effect	400–1700 nm
Lamp and lamp housing
Intensity stabilizer	0.1% over 24 h
Chopper frequency	413 Hz
Monochromator
Input and output slits	Height: 15 mm, width: from 4 μm to 2 mm
Gratings	1) 350–680 nm, 1200 lines/mm—Max resolution: 6.4 nm
	2) 680–1400 nm, 600 lines/mm—Max resolution: 12.8 nm
	3) 1400–3600 nm, 300 lines/mm—Max resolution: 25.8 nm
	4) 3600–5000 nm, 150 lines/nm—Max resolution: 51.3 nm
Wavelength accuracy	Gratings 1 and 2: 0.2 nm, Grating 3: 0.4 nm, Grating 4: 0.6 nm
Bidirectional Reflectance
Incidence angle	0°–75° (60° for bright samples)
	Resolution (solid angle of illumination): $\pm 2.9 °$
	Minimum sampling: 0.001°
Emergence angle	$0 ° - \pm 85 °$
	Resolution: $\pm 2.05 °$ (options: 0.8°, 1.25°, 1.65° but lower SNR)
	Minimum sampling: 0.001°
Azimuth angle	0°–180°
	Resolution: $\pm 2.05 °$ (options: 0.8°, 1.25°, 1.65° but lower SNR)
	Minimum sampling: 0.001°
Phase angle	5°–160°
Phase angle	For bright samples $\approx 8 ° - 140 °$ .
Illumination spot size on sample	5.2 mm (nadir) (option: 1.7 by 1.2 mm or less, but lower SNR)
Observation FOV on sample	Diameter 20 mm (nadir)
Transmission
Incidence angle	0°–75°
Incidence angle	Resolution: $\pm 2.9 °$
Emergence angle	0°–85° in both H and V planes (direct transmission at 0°)
	Resolution: $\pm 2.05 °$ (options: 0.8°, 1.25°, 1.65° but lower SNR)
	Minimum sampling 0.001°

Abstract

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Figures (24)

Tables (3)

Equations (1)

Applied Optics