Re-examining the effect of particle phase functions on the remote-sensing reflectance

Yuanheng Xiong; Xiaodong Zhang; Shuangyan He; Deric J. Gray

doi:10.1364/AO.56.006881

Re-examining the effect of particle phase functions on the remote-sensing reflectance

Yuanheng Xiong, Xiaodong Zhang, Shuangyan He, and Deric J. Gray

Applied Optics
Vol. 56,
Issue 24,
pp. 6881-6888
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.006881

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Yuanheng Xiong, Xiaodong Zhang, Shuangyan He, and Deric J. Gray, "Re-examining the effect of particle phase functions on the remote-sensing reflectance," Appl. Opt. 56, 6881-6888 (2017)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Oceanic optics (010.4450)
- Backscattering (010.1350)
- Radiative transfer (010.5620)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 17, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: July 21, 2017
- Manuscript Accepted: July 21, 2017
- Published: August 15, 2017

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Even though it is well known that both the magnitude and detailed angular shape of scattering (phase function, PF), particularly in the backward angles, affect the color of the ocean, the current remote-sensing reflectance ( $R_{rs}$ ) models typically account for the effect of its magnitude only through the backscattering coefficient ( $b_{b}$ ). Using 116 volume scattering function (VSF) measurements previously collected in three coastal waters around the U.S. and in the water of the North Atlantic Ocean, we re-examined the effect of particle PF on $R_{rs}$ in four scenarios. In each scenario, the magnitude of particle backscattering (i.e., $b_{b p}$ ) is known, but the knowledge on the angular shape of particle backscattering is assumed to increase from knowing nothing about the shape of particle PFs to partially knowing the particle backscattering ratio ( $B_{p}$ ), the exact backscattering shape as defined by ${\tilde{β}}_{p} (γ \geq 90 °)$ (particle VSF normalized by the particle total scattering coefficient), and the exact backscattering shape as defined by the $χ_{p}$ factor (particle VSF normalized by the particle backscattering coefficient). At sun zenith $angle = 30 °$ , the nadir-viewed $R_{rs}$ would vary up to 65%, 35%, 20%, and 10%, respectively, as the constraints on the shape of particle backscattering become increasingly stringent from scenarios 1 to 4. In all four scenarios, the $R_{rs}$ variations increase with both viewing and sun angles and are most prominent in the direction opposite the sun. Our results show a greater impact of the measured particle PFs on $R_{rs}$ than previously found, mainly because our VSF data show a much greater variability in $B_{p}$ , ${\tilde{β}}_{p} (γ \geq 90 °)$ , and $χ_{p}$ than previously known. Among the uncertainties in $R_{rs}$ due to the particle PFs, about 97% can be explained by $χ_{p}$ , 90% by ${\tilde{β}}_{p} (γ \geq 90 °)$ , and 27% by $B_{p}$ . The results indicate that the uncertainty in ocean color remote sensing can be significantly constrained by accounting for $χ_{p}$ of the VSFs.

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References

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Publication

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, and D. K. Clark, “A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 93, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]
A. Morel and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II Bidirectional aspects,” Appl. Opt. 32, 6864–6879 (1993).
[Crossref]
A. Morel and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. III. Implication of bidirectionality for the remote-sensing problem,” Appl. Opt. 35, 4850–4862 (1996).
[Crossref]
H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, “Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean,” Appl. Opt. 14, 417–427 (1975).
[Crossref]
A. Morel and L. Prieur, “Analysis of variations in ocean color,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 22, 709–722 (1977).
[Crossref]
Z. Lee, K. L. Carder, and K. Du, “Effects of molecular and particle scatterings on the model parameter for remote-sensing reflectance,” Appl. Opt. 43, 4957–4964 (2004).
[Crossref]
A. Morel and H. Loisel, “Apparent optical properties of oceanic water: dependence on the molecular scattering contribution,” Appl. Opt. 37, 4765–4776 (1998).
[Crossref]
J. R. V. Zaneveld, “Remotely sensed reflectance and its dependence on vertical structure: a theoretical derivation,” Appl. Opt. 21, 4146–4150 (1982).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
W. Freda and J. Piskozub, “Revisiting the role of oceanic phase function in remote sensing reflectance,” Oceanologia 54, 29–38 (2012).
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[Crossref]
G. C. Chang, T. D. Dickey, C. D. Mobley, E. Boss, and W. S. Pegau, “Toward closure of upwelling radiance in coastal waters,” Appl. Opt. 42, 1574–1582 (2003).
[Crossref]
I. Lefering, F. Bengil, C. Trees, R. Röttgers, D. Bowers, A. Nimmo-Smith, J. Schwarz, and D. McKee, “Optical closure in marine waters from in situ inherent optical property measurements,” Opt. Express 24, 14036–14052 (2016).
[Crossref]
J. Pitarch, G. Volpe, S. Colella, R. Santoleri, and V. Brando, “Absorption correction and phase function shape effects on the closure of apparent optical properties,” Appl. Opt. 55, 8618–8636 (2016).
[Crossref]
A. Tonizzo, M. Twardowski, S. McLean, K. Voss, M. Lewis, and C. Trees, “Closure and uncertainty assessment for ocean color reflectance using measured volume scattering functions and reflective tube absorption coefficients with novel correction for scattering,” Appl. Opt. 56, 130–146 (2017).
[Crossref]
M. Tzortziou, J. R. Herman, C. L. Gallegos, P. J. Neale, A. Subramaniam, L. W. Harding, and Z. Ahmad, “Bio-optics of the Chesapeake Bay from measurements and radiative transfer closure,” Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 68, 348–362 (2006).
[Crossref]
E. Boss and W. S. Pegau, “Relationship of light scattering at an angle in the backward direction to the backscattering coefficient,” Appl. Opt. 40, 5503–5507 (2001).
[Crossref]
M. Chami, E. Marken, J. J. Stamnes, G. Khomenko, and G. Korotaev, “Variability of the relationship between the particulate backscattering coefficient and the volume scattering function measured at fixed angles,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 111, C05013 (2006).
[Crossref]
J. M. Sullivan and M. S. Twardowski, “Angular shape of the oceanic particulate volume scattering function in the backward direction,” Appl. Opt. 48, 6811–6819 (2009).
[Crossref]
X. Zhang, E. Boss, and D. J. Gray, “Significance of scattering by oceanic particles at angles around 120 degree,” Opt. Express 22, 31329–31336 (2014).
[Crossref]
X. Zhang, L. Hu, and M.-X. He, “Scattering by pure seawater: effect of salinity,” Opt. Express 17, 5698–5710 (2009).
[Crossref]
A. Morel, “Light scattering in seawater: experimental results and theoretical approach,” in Optics of the Sea (Interface and In-water Transmission and Imaging) (AGARD, 1973).
H. R. Gordon, “Sensitivity of radiative transfer to small-angle scattering in the ocean: quantitative assessment,” Appl. Opt. 32, 7505–7511 (1993).
[Crossref]
C. D. Mobley, L. K. Sundman, and E. Boss, “Phase function effects on oceanic light fields,” Appl. Opt. 41, 1035–1050 (2002).
[Crossref]
G. R. Fournier and J. L. Forand, “Analytic phase function for ocean water,” Proc. SPIE 2258, 194–201 (1994).
[Crossref]
G. R. Fournier and M. Jonasz, “Computer-based underwater imaging analysis,” Proc. SPIE 3761, 62–70 (1999).
[Crossref]
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M. Chami, D. McKee, E. Leymarie, and G. Khomenko, “Influence of the angular shape of the volume-scattering function and multiple scattering on remote sensing reflectance,” Appl. Opt. 45, 9210–9220 (2006).
[Crossref]
X. Zhang, D. J. Gray, Y. Huot, Y. You, and L. Bi, “Comparison of optically derived particle size distributions: scattering over the full angular range versus diffraction at near forward angles,” Appl. Opt. 51, 5085–5099 (2012).
[Crossref]
X. Zhang, Y. Huot, D. J. Gray, A. Weidemann, and W. J. Rhea, “Biogeochemical origins of particles obtained from the inversion of the volume scattering function and spectral absorption in coastal waters,” Biogeosciences 10, 6029–6043 (2013).
[Crossref]
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C. D. Mobley, B. Gentili, H. R. Gordon, Z. Jin, G. W. Kattawar, A. Morel, P. Reinersman, K. Stamnes, and R. H. Stavn, “Comparison of numerical models for computing underwater light fields,” Appl. Opt. 32, 7484–7504 (1993).
[Crossref]
V. I. Mankovsky and V. I. Haltrin, “Light scattering phase functions measured in waters of Mediterranean Sea,” in MTS/IEEE OCEANS (2002), Vol. 2364, pp. 2368–2373.
V. I. Mankovsky and V. I. Haltrin, “Phase functions of light scattering measured in waters of world ocean and lake Baykal,” in IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (2002), Vol. 3576, pp. 3570–3572.
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[Crossref]
N. G. Jerlov, Marine Optics, Elsevier Oceanography Series (Elsevier, 1976), Vol. 14, p. 231.
H. R. Gordon, “Simple calculation of the diffuse reflectance of the ocean,” Appl. Opt. 12, 2803–2804 (1973).
[Crossref]
C. D. Mobley, E. Boss, and C. Roesler, “Ocean optics web book: the quasi-single-scattering approximation,” http://www.oceanopticsbook.info/view/radiative_transfer_theory/level_2/the_quasisinglescattering_approximation , retrieved June 20, 2017, 2011.
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[Crossref]
G. F. Beardsley and J. R. V. Zaneveld, “Theoretical dependence of the near-asymptotic apparent optical properties on the inherent optical properties of sea water*,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 373–377 (1969).
[Crossref]
X. Zhang, G. R. Fournier, and D. J. Gray, “Interpretation of scattering by oceanic particles around 120 degrees and its implication in ocean color studies,” Opt. Express 25, A191–A199 (2017).
[Crossref]
R. D. Vaillancourt, C. W. Brown, R. R. L. Guillard, and W. M. Balch, “Light backscattering properties of marine phytoplankton: relationships to cell size, chemical composition and taxonomy,” J. Plankton Res. 26, 191–212 (2004).
[Crossref]
A. L. Whitmire, W. S. Pegau, L. Karp-Boss, E. Boss, and T. J. Cowles, “Spectral backscattering properties of marine phytoplankton cultures,” Opt. Express 18, 15073–15093 (2010).
[Crossref]

2017 (2)

A. Tonizzo, M. Twardowski, S. McLean, K. Voss, M. Lewis, and C. Trees, “Closure and uncertainty assessment for ocean color reflectance using measured volume scattering functions and reflective tube absorption coefficients with novel correction for scattering,” Appl. Opt. 56, 130–146 (2017).
[Crossref]

X. Zhang, G. R. Fournier, and D. J. Gray, “Interpretation of scattering by oceanic particles around 120 degrees and its implication in ocean color studies,” Opt. Express 25, A191–A199 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (2)

I. Lefering, F. Bengil, C. Trees, R. Röttgers, D. Bowers, A. Nimmo-Smith, J. Schwarz, and D. McKee, “Optical closure in marine waters from in situ inherent optical property measurements,” Opt. Express 24, 14036–14052 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. Pitarch, G. Volpe, S. Colella, R. Santoleri, and V. Brando, “Absorption correction and phase function shape effects on the closure of apparent optical properties,” Appl. Opt. 55, 8618–8636 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

X. Zhang and D. J. Gray, “Backscattering by very small particles in coastal waters,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 120, 6914–6926 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

X. Zhang, E. Boss, and D. J. Gray, “Significance of scattering by oceanic particles at angles around 120 degree,” Opt. Express 22, 31329–31336 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

X. Zhang, Y. Huot, D. J. Gray, A. Weidemann, and W. J. Rhea, “Biogeochemical origins of particles obtained from the inversion of the volume scattering function and spectral absorption in coastal waters,” Biogeosciences 10, 6029–6043 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

W. Freda and J. Piskozub, “Revisiting the role of oceanic phase function in remote sensing reflectance,” Oceanologia 54, 29–38 (2012).
[Crossref]

X. Zhang, D. J. Gray, Y. Huot, Y. You, and L. Bi, “Comparison of optically derived particle size distributions: scattering over the full angular range versus diffraction at near forward angles,” Appl. Opt. 51, 5085–5099 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Tzortziou, J. R. Herman, C. L. Gallegos, P. J. Neale, A. Subramaniam, L. W. Harding, and Z. Ahmad, “Bio-optics of the Chesapeake Bay from measurements and radiative transfer closure,” Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 68, 348–362 (2006).
[Crossref]

M. Chami, E. Marken, J. J. Stamnes, G. Khomenko, and G. Korotaev, “Variability of the relationship between the particulate backscattering coefficient and the volume scattering function measured at fixed angles,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 111, C05013 (2006).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

R. D. Vaillancourt, C. W. Brown, R. R. L. Guillard, and W. M. Balch, “Light backscattering properties of marine phytoplankton: relationships to cell size, chemical composition and taxonomy,” J. Plankton Res. 26, 191–212 (2004).
[Crossref]

Z. Lee, K. L. Carder, and K. Du, “Effects of molecular and particle scatterings on the model parameter for remote-sensing reflectance,” Appl. Opt. 43, 4957–4964 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

G. C. Chang, T. D. Dickey, C. D. Mobley, E. Boss, and W. S. Pegau, “Toward closure of upwelling radiance in coastal waters,” Appl. Opt. 42, 1574–1582 (2003).
[Crossref]

B. Bulgarelli, G. Zibordi, and J.-F. Berthon, “Measured and modeled radiometric quantities in coastal waters: toward a closure,” Appl. Opt. 42, 5365–5381 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

C. D. Mobley, L. K. Sundman, and E. Boss, “Phase function effects on oceanic light fields,” Appl. Opt. 41, 1035–1050 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

E. Boss and W. S. Pegau, “Relationship of light scattering at an angle in the backward direction to the backscattering coefficient,” Appl. Opt. 40, 5503–5507 (2001).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

G. R. Fournier and M. Jonasz, “Computer-based underwater imaging analysis,” Proc. SPIE 3761, 62–70 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

A. Morel and H. Loisel, “Apparent optical properties of oceanic water: dependence on the molecular scattering contribution,” Appl. Opt. 37, 4765–4776 (1998).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

A. Morel and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. III. Implication of bidirectionality for the remote-sensing problem,” Appl. Opt. 35, 4850–4862 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

J. R. V. Zaneveld, “A theoretical derivation of the dependence of the remotely sensed reflectance of the ocean on the inherent optical properties,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 100, 13135–13142 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

G. R. Fournier and J. L. Forand, “Analytic phase function for ocean water,” Proc. SPIE 2258, 194–201 (1994).
[Crossref]

1993 (3)

H. R. Gordon, “Sensitivity of radiative transfer to small-angle scattering in the ocean: quantitative assessment,” Appl. Opt. 32, 7505–7511 (1993).
[Crossref]

A. Morel and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II Bidirectional aspects,” Appl. Opt. 32, 6864–6879 (1993).
[Crossref]

C. D. Mobley, B. Gentili, H. R. Gordon, Z. Jin, G. W. Kattawar, A. Morel, P. Reinersman, K. Stamnes, and R. H. Stavn, “Comparison of numerical models for computing underwater light fields,” Appl. Opt. 32, 7484–7504 (1993).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

H. R. Gordon, “Dependence of the diffuse reflectance of natural waters on the sun angle,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 34, 1484–1489 (1989).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, R. H. Evans, J. W. Brown, R. C. Smith, K. S. Baker, and D. K. Clark, “A semianalytic radiance model of ocean color,” J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 93, 10909–10924 (1988).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

G. N. Plass, G. W. Kattawar, and T. J. Humphreys, “Influence of the oceanic scattering phase function on the radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 90, 3347–3351 (1985).
[Crossref]

1982 (1)

J. R. V. Zaneveld, “Remotely sensed reflectance and its dependence on vertical structure: a theoretical derivation,” Appl. Opt. 21, 4146–4150 (1982).
[Crossref]

1977 (1)

A. Morel and L. Prieur, “Analysis of variations in ocean color,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 22, 709–722 (1977).
[Crossref]

1975 (1)

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, “Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean,” Appl. Opt. 14, 417–427 (1975).
[Crossref]

1973 (1)

H. R. Gordon, “Simple calculation of the diffuse reflectance of the ocean,” Appl. Opt. 12, 2803–2804 (1973).
[Crossref]

1969 (1)

G. F. Beardsley and J. R. V. Zaneveld, “Theoretical dependence of the near-asymptotic apparent optical properties on the inherent optical properties of sea water*,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 373–377 (1969).
[Crossref]

Ahmad, Z.

Arnone, R.

Baker, K. S.

Balch, W. M.

Beardsley, G. F.

Bengil, F.

Berthon, J.-F.

B. Bulgarelli, G. Zibordi, and J.-F. Berthon, “Measured and modeled radiometric quantities in coastal waters: toward a closure,” Appl. Opt. 42, 5365–5381 (2003).
[Crossref]

Bi, L.

Boss, E.

X. Zhang, E. Boss, and D. J. Gray, “Significance of scattering by oceanic particles at angles around 120 degree,” Opt. Express 22, 31329–31336 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. L. Whitmire, W. S. Pegau, L. Karp-Boss, E. Boss, and T. J. Cowles, “Spectral backscattering properties of marine phytoplankton cultures,” Opt. Express 18, 15073–15093 (2010).
[Crossref]

G. C. Chang, T. D. Dickey, C. D. Mobley, E. Boss, and W. S. Pegau, “Toward closure of upwelling radiance in coastal waters,” Appl. Opt. 42, 1574–1582 (2003).
[Crossref]

C. D. Mobley, L. K. Sundman, and E. Boss, “Phase function effects on oceanic light fields,” Appl. Opt. 41, 1035–1050 (2002).
[Crossref]

E. Boss and W. S. Pegau, “Relationship of light scattering at an angle in the backward direction to the backscattering coefficient,” Appl. Opt. 40, 5503–5507 (2001).
[Crossref]

Bowers, D.

Brando, V.

Brown, C. W.

Brown, J. W.

Brown, O. B.

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, “Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean,” Appl. Opt. 14, 417–427 (1975).
[Crossref]

Bulgarelli, B.

B. Bulgarelli, G. Zibordi, and J.-F. Berthon, “Measured and modeled radiometric quantities in coastal waters: toward a closure,” Appl. Opt. 42, 5365–5381 (2003).
[Crossref]

Carder, K. L.

Z. Lee, K. L. Carder, and K. Du, “Effects of molecular and particle scatterings on the model parameter for remote-sensing reflectance,” Appl. Opt. 43, 4957–4964 (2004).
[Crossref]

Chami, M.

Chang, G. C.

G. C. Chang, T. D. Dickey, C. D. Mobley, E. Boss, and W. S. Pegau, “Toward closure of upwelling radiance in coastal waters,” Appl. Opt. 42, 1574–1582 (2003).
[Crossref]

Clark, D. K.

Colella, S.

Cowles, T. J.

A. L. Whitmire, W. S. Pegau, L. Karp-Boss, E. Boss, and T. J. Cowles, “Spectral backscattering properties of marine phytoplankton cultures,” Opt. Express 18, 15073–15093 (2010).
[Crossref]

Dickey, T. D.

G. C. Chang, T. D. Dickey, C. D. Mobley, E. Boss, and W. S. Pegau, “Toward closure of upwelling radiance in coastal waters,” Appl. Opt. 42, 1574–1582 (2003).
[Crossref]

Du, K.

Z. Lee, K. L. Carder, and K. Du, “Effects of molecular and particle scatterings on the model parameter for remote-sensing reflectance,” Appl. Opt. 43, 4957–4964 (2004).
[Crossref]

Evans, R. H.

Forand, J. L.

G. R. Fournier and J. L. Forand, “Analytic phase function for ocean water,” Proc. SPIE 2258, 194–201 (1994).
[Crossref]

Fournier, G. R.

G. R. Fournier and M. Jonasz, “Computer-based underwater imaging analysis,” Proc. SPIE 3761, 62–70 (1999).
[Crossref]

G. R. Fournier and J. L. Forand, “Analytic phase function for ocean water,” Proc. SPIE 2258, 194–201 (1994).
[Crossref]

Freda, W.

W. Freda and J. Piskozub, “Revisiting the role of oceanic phase function in remote sensing reflectance,” Oceanologia 54, 29–38 (2012).
[Crossref]

Gallegos, C. L.

Gentili, B.

A. Morel and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. III. Implication of bidirectionality for the remote-sensing problem,” Appl. Opt. 35, 4850–4862 (1996).
[Crossref]

A. Morel and B. Gentili, “Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II Bidirectional aspects,” Appl. Opt. 32, 6864–6879 (1993).
[Crossref]

Gordon, H. R.

H. R. Gordon, “Sensitivity of radiative transfer to small-angle scattering in the ocean: quantitative assessment,” Appl. Opt. 32, 7505–7511 (1993).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, “Dependence of the diffuse reflectance of natural waters on the sun angle,” Limnol. Oceanogr. 34, 1484–1489 (1989).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, “Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean,” Appl. Opt. 14, 417–427 (1975).
[Crossref]

H. R. Gordon, “Simple calculation of the diffuse reflectance of the ocean,” Appl. Opt. 12, 2803–2804 (1973).
[Crossref]

Gray, D. J.

X. Zhang and D. J. Gray, “Backscattering by very small particles in coastal waters,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 120, 6914–6926 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Zhang, E. Boss, and D. J. Gray, “Significance of scattering by oceanic particles at angles around 120 degree,” Opt. Express 22, 31329–31336 (2014).
[Crossref]

Guillard, R. R. L.

Haltrin, V. I.

V. I. Mankovsky and V. I. Haltrin, “Phase functions of light scattering measured in waters of world ocean and lake Baykal,” in IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (2002), Vol. 3576, pp. 3570–3572.

V. I. Mankovsky and V. I. Haltrin, “Light scattering phase functions measured in waters of Mediterranean Sea,” in MTS/IEEE OCEANS (2002), Vol. 2364, pp. 2368–2373.

Harding, L. W.

He, M.-X.

X. Zhang, L. Hu, and M.-X. He, “Scattering by pure seawater: effect of salinity,” Opt. Express 17, 5698–5710 (2009).
[Crossref]

Herman, J. R.

Hu, L.

X. Zhang, L. Hu, and M.-X. He, “Scattering by pure seawater: effect of salinity,” Opt. Express 17, 5698–5710 (2009).
[Crossref]

Humphreys, T. J.

G. N. Plass, G. W. Kattawar, and T. J. Humphreys, “Influence of the oceanic scattering phase function on the radiance,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 90, 3347–3351 (1985).
[Crossref]

Huot, Y.

Jacobs, M. M.

H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, “Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean,” Appl. Opt. 14, 417–427 (1975).
[Crossref]

Jerlov, N. G.

N. G. Jerlov, Marine Optics, Elsevier Oceanography Series (Elsevier, 1976), Vol. 14, p. 231.

Jin, Z.

Jonasz, M.

G. R. Fournier and M. Jonasz, “Computer-based underwater imaging analysis,” Proc. SPIE 3761, 62–70 (1999).
[Crossref]

Karp-Boss, L.

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Biogeosciences (1)

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J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. (1)

J. Geophys. Res. Oceans (4)

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Fig. 1. (a) Comparison of particle PFs derived from: our measurements (gray lines); samples of historical Petzold’s measurements in clear water of the Tongue of the Ocean (black dotted line), in California offshore coastal water (black dashed line), and in very turbid water of San Diego harbor (black dotted-dashed line) [32]; the average particle PF of Petzold’s measurements in San Diego harbor [33] (black solid line); the analytical Fournier–Forand (FF) formula having a

B_{p} = 1.83 %

[25] (blue dashed line); and a series of particle PFs generated by linear mixing of

B_{p} = 1 %

FF PF and the average Petzold PF, as used in Lee et al. [11] (green solid lines). The red line is one of the measured particle PFs referred to in Fig. 5. To highlight the variations, the

x

axes are in logarithmic scale for angles

< 30 °

and in linear scales for larger angles. (b) Corresponding

χ_{p}

factors. (c) Histogram of

B_{p}

calculated from measured particle PFs.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2.

R_{rs} (θ_{s} = 30 °, θ_{v} = 0 °)

simulated with measured particle phase functions (color coded by the measurement locations) are shown as a function of

b_{b} / (a + b_{b})

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3. Percentage difference between

R_{rs} (θ_{s} = 30 °, θ_{v} = 0 °)

simulated with two different particle phase functions. The whiskers boxes, showing the minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, and maximum values, summarize the differences at the selected

b_{b} / (a + b_{b})

values. (a) Simulations performed with same

b_{b p}

values. (b) Simulations performed with same

b_{b p}

values and phase functions having the same

B_{p}

values. The dotted line at 10% represents the maximum difference found in Ref. [25], the dashed line at 20% represents the maximum difference found in Ref. [29], and the dotted-dashed line at 40% represents the maximum difference found in Ref. [16]. (c) Simulations performed with same

b_{b p}

values and very similar

{\tilde{β}}_{p} (γ \geq 90 °)

(logarithmic value within 1%). (d) Simulations performed with same

b_{b p}

values and very similar

χ_{p}

factor (within 1%).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4. Distribution of the maximum value of

{d R}_{rs}

. In the polar plots, ao-56-24-6881-i001

indicates

θ_{s}

, radial direction represents

θ_{v}

, and polar direction represents

ϕ

. Column (a) results with same

b_{b p}

; column (b) results with same

b_{b p}

and

B_{p}

; column (c) results with same

b_{b p}

and similar

{\tilde{β}}_{p} (γ \geq 90 °)

(logarithmic value within 1%); column (d) results with same

b_{b p}

and similar

χ_{p}

factor (within 1%).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5. Comparison between

R_{rs}

simulated with one of the measured phase functions (red line in Fig. 1) by HydroLight and

R_{rs}

estimated using the Lee’s et al. [11] model at all viewing geometries (

θ_{s} = 0 - 75 °

θ_{v} = 0 - 70 °

, and

ϕ = 0 - 180 °

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Equations (13)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

R_{rs} (λ, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ) = \frac{L_{w} (λ, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ)}{E_{d} (λ, θ_{s})},

R_{rs} = \frac{f}{Q} \frac{b_{b}}{a + b_{b}} .

b_{b} = 2 π \int_{π / 2}^{π} β (γ) \sin γ d γ,

\tilde{β} (γ) = \frac{β (γ)}{b},

B = \frac{b_{b}}{b} = 2 π \int_{π / 2}^{π} \tilde{β} (γ) \sin γ d γ,

χ (γ \geq 90 °) = \frac{b_{b}}{2 π β (γ)} = \frac{B}{2 π \tilde{β} (γ)} .

β_{p} (γ) = A γ^{- m},

b_{p} = \frac{2 π}{2 - m} β_{p} (γ_{1}) γ_{1}^{2} + 2 π \int_{0.1}^{π} β_{p} (γ) \sin γ d γ .

d R_{rs} (a, b_{b}, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ) = \frac{| R_{rs} (i, a, b_{b}, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ) - R_{rs} (j, a, b_{b}, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ) |}{\frac{1}{2} [R_{rs} (i, a, b_{b}, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ) + R_{rs} (j, a, b_{b}, θ_{s}, θ_{v}, φ)]} \times 100 %,

R_{rs} (θ, ϕ, θ_{s}) = \frac{1}{\cos θ_{v} + \cos θ_{s}} \frac{β (γ_{s})}{a + b_{b}},

R_{rs} (θ, ϕ, θ_{s}) = \frac{1}{2 π χ (γ_{s})} \frac{1}{\cos θ_{v} + \cos θ_{s}} \frac{b_{b}}{a + b_{b}} .

R_{rs} (θ, ϕ, θ_{s}) = \frac{\tilde{β} (γ_{s})}{B} \frac{1}{\cos θ_{v} + \cos θ_{s}} \frac{b_{b}}{a + b_{b}} .

{\begin{cases} σ_{s}^{2} = {0.65}^{2} \\ σ_{s}^{2} - σ_{B p}^{2} = {0.35}^{2} \\ σ_{s}^{2} - σ_{> 90}^{2} = {0.20}^{2} \\ σ_{s}^{2} - σ_{χ}^{2} = {0.10}^{2} \end{cases} .

Abstract

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