Design of a simple non-destructive detection system using P-wave lasers for determining the soluble solids content of apples

Shih-Hao Hua; Chao-Pin Chen; Pin Han

doi:10.1364/AO.56.006235

Applied Optics
Vol. 56,
Issue 22,
pp. 6235-6243
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.006235

Design of a simple non-destructive detection system using P-wave lasers for determining the soluble solids content of apples

Shih-Hao Hua, Chao-Pin Chen, and Pin Han

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Shih-Hao Hua, Chao-Pin Chen, and Pin Han, "Design of a simple non-destructive detection system using P-wave lasers for determining the soluble solids content of apples," Appl. Opt. 56, 6235-6243 (2017)

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Abstract

The simple and nondestructive detection system studied in this work uses a near-infrared (NIR) detector and parallel-polarized (P-wave) NIR lasers to determine the soluble solids content (SSC) of apples. The P-wave NIR laser in this system is incident into the apple’s pulp at the Brewster angle to minimize the interference caused by interfacial reflections. After the apple has been illuminated by four P-wave NIR lasers that correspond to the specified wavelengths of the SSC chemical bonds (880, 940, 980, and 1064 nm), the prediction of correlation ( $r_{p}^{2}$ ) and the root-mean-square error for prediction (RMSEP) of the SSC are determined via partial least square regression analysis of the reflectance. Our results indicate that the use of P-wave lasers at the Brewster angle (as the angle of incidence) and the above specified wavelengths for the prediction set measurement of the SSC of apples obtained an $r_{p}^{2}$ of 0.88 and an RMSEP of 0.47°Brix. These $r_{p}^{2}$ are 6% higher, and the RMSEPs are 9% lower, than those obtained using non-polarized lasers.

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	Calibration Set ( $n = 150$ )				Prediction Set ( $n = 80$ )
	Min	Max	Mean	S.D.	Min	Max	Mean	S.D.
Weight (g)	100	125	110	4.81	100	122	112	4.76
SSC (°Brix)	9	15	12.3	1.82	9	15	11.7	1.80

Incidence Angle	$r_{p}^{2}$
$θ_{i}$	P-Wave	S-Wave	NP Wave
10°	0.59	0.59	0.59
30°	0.60	0.58	0.59
53° ( $θ_{B}$ )	0.62	0.55	0.57
75°	0.53	0.41	0.46
85°	0.38	0.30	0.35

		Calibration Set
		P-Wave		S-Wave		NP Wave
Wavelengths Combination		$r_{c}^{2}$	RMSEC	$r_{c}^{2}$	RMSEC	$r_{c}^{2}$	RMSEC
$N = 3$	A, B, C	0.79	0.46	0.72	0.53	0.75	0.51
	C, E, F	0.82	0.45	0.74	0.56	0.77	0.49
	B, E, F	0.83	0.43	0.76	0.56	0.79	0.49
$N = 4$	A, B, C, E	0.84	0.42	0.78	0.55	0.80	0.50
	B, C, E, F	0.86	0.41	0.79	0.54	0.83	0.50
	B, D, E, F	0.90	0.40	0.82	0.53	0.86	0.48
$N = 5$	A, B, C, D, E	0.89	0.41	0.82	0.53	0.85	0.49
$N = 5$	B, C, D, E, F	0.91	0.39	0.83	0.53	0.87	0.49
$N = 6$	A, B, C, D, E, F	0.92	0.38	0.84	0.52	0.89	0.48

		Prediction Set
Wavelength Combination		P-Wave		S-Wave		NP Wave
Wavelength Combination		$r_{p}^{2}$	RMSEP	$r_{p}^{2}$	RMSEP	$r_{p}^{2}$	RMSEP
$N = 3$	A, B, C	0.77	0.50	0.70	0.55	0.73	0.53
	C, E, F	0.81	0.48	0.73	0.58	0.75	0.51
	B, E, F	0.82	0.47	0.74	0.58	0.76	0.51
$N = 4$	A, B, C, E	0.83	0.48	0.75	0.57	0.77	0.53
	B, C, E, F	0.84	0.48	0.77	0.57	0.79	0.53
	B, D, E, F	0.88	0.47	0.80	0.57	0.83	0.52
$N = 5$	A, B, C, D, E	0.87	0.47	0.81	0.56	0.82	0.53
$N = 5$	B, C, D, E, F	0.89	0.46	0.82	0.57	0.84	0.52
$N = 6$	A, B, C, D, E, F	0.89	0.47	0.82	0.56	0.84	0.52

		SSC
System Type	Wavelength (nm)	$r_{p}^{2}$	RMSEP (°Brix)	Ref.
Halogen lamp and NIR Spectrometer	600–1100	0.92	0.90	[2]
Halogen lamp and FT-NIR spectrometer	812–1050	0.861	0.615	[13]
Halogen lamp and Hyperspectral image	450–1050	0.79	0.74	[15]
NIR laser, NIR Polarizer and NIR detector	880, 940, 980, 1060	0.88	0.47	This study

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Applied Optics