Three-color vibrational CARS thermometry of fuel-rich ethylene/air flames using a potassium gadolinium tungstate Raman-active crystal as a source of narrowband probe radiation

Christian Meißner; Johannes W. Tröger; Dimitrii N. Kozlov; Frank Beyrau; Thomas Seeger

doi:10.1364/AO.56.000E77

Applied Optics
Vol. 56,
Issue 11,
pp. E77-E83
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.000E77

Three-color vibrational CARS thermometry of fuel-rich ethylene/air flames using a potassium gadolinium tungstate Raman-active crystal as a source of narrowband probe radiation

Christian Meißner, Johannes W. Tröger, Dimitrii N. Kozlov, Frank Beyrau, and Thomas Seeger

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Christian Meißner, Johannes W. Tröger, Dimitrii N. Kozlov, Frank Beyrau, and Thomas Seeger, "Three-color vibrational CARS thermometry of fuel-rich ethylene/air flames using a potassium gadolinium tungstate Raman-active crystal as a source of narrowband probe radiation," Appl. Opt. 56, E77-E83 (2017)

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Abstract

Three-color broadband vibrational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) temperature measurements were carried out in laminar fuel-rich sooting ethylene/air flames. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of a picosecond pump laser pulse in a Raman-active potassium gadolinium tungstate $[KGd {({WO}_{4})}_{2}]$ crystal was employed as a source of narrowband probe radiation. In the three-color CARS experiment, this wavelength-shifted radiation enables $N_{2}$ -based vibrational CARS temperature measurements in sooting flames free of the signal interference with the absorption/emission bands of the flame intermediate radicals $C_{2}$ . Spatial temperature profiles for different fuel-rich atmospheric pressure ethylene/air flames are presented in comparison with the results of two-color broadband vibrational and dual-broadband pure rotational CARS temperature measurements. The comparison shows the suitability of the three-color CARS measurement technique employing the $KGd {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$ crystal for accurate, $C_{2}$ interference-free, temperature measurements in sooting flames.

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Property	$KGd {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$
Crystal symmetry	monoclinic, C2/c [25]
Transmission band, nm	300–5000 [26]
Density, $g / {cm}^{3}$	7.27 [27]
Hardness Mohs	4–5 [27]
Refractive indices, at 532 nm	$n_{g} = 2.119$ ; $n_{m} = 2.063$ ; $n_{p} = 2.031$
Raman shift, ${cm}^{- 1}$	901 [28]
Raman linewidth, ${cm}^{- 1}$	5.4 [28]
Raman gain, at 532 nm pump, cm/GW	16 (steady-state behavior) [28]
Thermal conductivity, $W / m \cdot K$	2.5–3.4 [26]
$\partial n / \partial T$ , $K^{- 1}$	$(1.6 - 8.5) \times 10^{- 6}$ [26]
Optical damage threshold, at 1064 nm, $GW / {cm}^{2}$	$> 10$ [27]

Emission	nm
First Stokes	559
Second Stokes	589
Third Stokes	622
First anti-Stokes	511

Property	$KGd {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$
Crystal symmetry	monoclinic, C2/c [25]
Transmission band, nm	300–5000 [26]
Density, $g / {cm}^{3}$	7.27 [27]
Hardness Mohs	4–5 [27]
Refractive indices, at 532 nm	$n_{g} = 2.119$ ; $n_{m} = 2.063$ ; $n_{p} = 2.031$
Raman shift, ${cm}^{- 1}$	901 [28]
Raman linewidth, ${cm}^{- 1}$	5.4 [28]
Raman gain, at 532 nm pump, cm/GW	16 (steady-state behavior) [28]
Thermal conductivity, $W / m \cdot K$	2.5–3.4 [26]
$\partial n / \partial T$ , $K^{- 1}$	$(1.6 - 8.5) \times 10^{- 6}$ [26]
Optical damage threshold, at 1064 nm, $GW / {cm}^{2}$	$> 10$ [27]

Emission	nm
First Stokes	559
Second Stokes	589
Third Stokes	622
First anti-Stokes	511

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Applied Optics