Out-of-band effects of satellite ocean color sensors

Menghua Wang; Puneeta Naik; SeungHyun Son

doi:10.1364/AO.55.002312

Applied Optics
Vol. 55,
Issue 9,
pp. 2312-2323
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.002312

Out-of-band effects of satellite ocean color sensors

Menghua Wang, Puneeta Naik, and SeungHyun Son

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Menghua Wang, Puneeta Naik, and SeungHyun Son, "Out-of-band effects of satellite ocean color sensors," Appl. Opt. 55, 2312-2323 (2016)

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Abstract

We analyze the sensor out-of-band (OOB) effects for satellite ocean color sensors of the sea-viewing wild field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS), the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) for phytoplankton-dominated open oceans and turbid coastal and inland waters, following the approach of Wang et al. [Appl. Opt. 40, 343 (2001) [CrossRef] ]. The applicability of the open ocean water reflectance model of Morel and Maritorena [J. Geophys. Res. 106, 7163 (2001) [CrossRef] ] (MM01) for the sensor OOB effects is analyzed for oligotrophic waters in Hawaii. The MM01 model predicted OOB contributions for oligotrophic waters are consistent with the result from in situ measurements. The OOB effects cause an apparent shift in sensor band center wavelengths in radiometric response, which depends on the sensor spectral response function and the target radiance being measured. Effective band center wavelength is introduced and calculated for three satellite sensors and for various water types. Using the effective band center wavelengths, satellite and in situ measured water optical property data can be more meaningfully and accurately compared. It is found that, for oligotrophic waters, the OOB effect is significant for the SeaWiFS 555 nm band (and somewhat 510 nm band), MODIS 412 nm band, and VIIRS 551 nm band. VIIRS and SeaWiFS have similar sensor OOB performance. For coastal and inland waters, however, the OOB effect is generally not significant for all three sensors, even though some small OOB effects do exist. This study highlights the importance of understanding the sensor OOB effect and the necessity of a complete prelaunch sensor characterization on the quality of ocean color products. Furthermore, it shows that hyperspectral in situ optics measurements are preferred for the purpose of accurately validating satellite-measured normalized water-leaving radiance spectra data.

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SeaWiFS (nm)	MODIS (nm)	VIIRS (nm)
412	412	412 (M1)
443	443	445 (M2)
490	488	488 (M3)
510	531	—
555	551	555 (M4)
670	667	672 (M5)
—	678	—
765	748	746 (M6)
865	869	865 (M7)

Chl-a ( $mg / m^{3}$ )	$λ_{i}^{(N)}$ (nm)	$λ_{i}^{(E)}$ (nm)	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$OOB (Δ)$	$OOB (%)$	${OOB}^{(N)} (Δ)$	${OOB}^{(N)} (%)$	Corr
(a) SeaWiFS
0.01	413	417.1	−4.1	$- 2.39 E - 04$	−0.309	$- 2.85 E - 03$	−3.562	1.037
	444	443.9	0.1	$1.40 E - 05$	0.030	$1.61 E - 04$	0.346	0.997
	491	491.5	−0.5	$- 5.40 E - 05$	−0.268	$- 2.73 E - 04$	−1.340	1.014
	510	507.8	2.2	$8.90 E - 05$	0.876	$1.21 E - 03$	13.406	0.882
	555	548.4	6.6	$3.90 E - 04$	9.941	$4.89 E - 04$	12.788	0.887
	668	655.1	12.9	$1.23 E - 04$	48.425	$1.21 E - 04$	47.266	0.679
0.03	413	415.8	−2.8	$- 1.16 E - 04$	−0.248	$- 8.73 E - 04$	−1.835	1.019
	444	444.2	−0.2	$2.00 E - 06$	0.006	$- 1.37 E - 04$	−0.406	1.004
	491	491.8	−0.8	$- 6.20 E - 05$	−0.332	$- 3.54 E - 04$	−1.867	1.019
	510	508.1	1.9	$5.60 E - 05$	0.542	$1.02 E - 03$	10.874	0.902
	555	550.1	4.9	$2.41 E - 04$	5.525	$3.44 E - 04$	8.077	0.925
	668	657.1	10.9	$9.70 E - 05$	29.938	$9.60 E - 05$	29.538	0.772
0.1	413	413.9	−0.9	$- 5.60 E - 05$	−0.195	$- 2.45 E - 04$	−0.847	1.009
	444	444.5	−0.5	$0.00 E + 00$	0.000	$- 9.00 E - 05$	−0.395	1.004
	491	492.3	−1.3	$- 5.50 E - 05$	−0.346	$- 3.42 E - 04$	−2.112	1.022
	510	508.3	1.7	$3.00 E - 05$	0.300	$7.25 E - 04$	7.779	0.928
	555	552.1	2.9	$1.29 E - 04$	2.652	$2.29 E - 04$	4.806	0.954
	668	661.1	6.9	$7.30 E - 05$	16.859	$7.30 E - 05$	16.859	0.856
1.0	413	412.6	0.4	$- 4.00 E - 06$	−0.037	$3.50 E - 05$	0.329	0.997
	444	444.9	−0.9	$2.00 E - 06$	0.020	$3.40 E - 05$	0.346	0.997
	491	496.9	−5.9	$- 2.50 E - 05$	−0.232	$- 1.58 E - 04$	−1.449	1.015
	510	509.1	0.9	$- 1.00 E - 06$	−0.010	$1.73 E - 04$	1.836	0.982
	555	554.5	0.5	$- 3.50 E - 05$	−0.460	$2.30 E - 05$	0.305	0.997
	668	667.1	0.9	$4.10 E - 05$	3.846	$4.80 E - 05$	4.533	0.957
10.0	413	412.1	0.9	$7.00 E - 06$	0.139	$4.20 E - 05$	0.841	0.992
	444	444.9	−0.9	$4.00 E - 06$	0.079	$4.50 E - 05$	0.900	0.991
	491	491.4	−0.4	$1.50 E - 05$	0.214	$2.60 E - 05$	0.372	0.996
	510	510.9	−0.9	$- 6.00 E - 06$	−0.074	$5.50 E - 05$	0.685	0.993
	555	552.1	2.9	$- 1.37 E - 04$	−1.170	$- 2.51 E - 04$	−2.122	1.022
	668	667.1	0.9	$2.50 E - 05$	0.964	$5.80 E - 05$	2.265	0.978
(b) MODIS
0.01	412	417.7	−5.7	$- 1.94 E - 03$	−2.476	$- 3.84 E - 03$	−4.782	1.050
	442	442.3	−0.3	$- 1.33 E - 04$	−0.272	$- 3.43 E - 04$	−0.698	1.007
	488	487.4	0.6	$7.60 E - 05$	0.342	$3.30 E - 04$	1.502	0.985
	530	529.6	0.4	$8.00 E - 06$	0.133	$3.70 E - 05$	0.617	0.994
	547	546.8	0.2	$2.10 E - 05$	0.468	$2.00 E - 05$	0.445	0.996
	666	665.2	0.8	$2.00 E - 06$	0.769	$4.00 E - 06$	1.550	0.985
0.03	412	417.1	−5.1	$- 1.03 E - 03$	−2.196	$- 1.74 E - 03$	−3.635	1.038
	442	442.4	−0.4	$- 9.40 E - 05$	−0.271	$- 2.34 E - 04$	−0.672	1.007
	488	487.5	0.5	$1.60 E - 05$	0.079	$1.73 E - 04$	0.859	0.991
	530	529.7	0.3	$6.00 E - 06$	0.092	$3.10 E - 05$	0.480	0.995
	547	546.9	0.1	$1.60 E - 05$	0.323	$1.40 E - 05$	0.283	0.997
	666	665.2	0.8	$3.00 E - 06$	0.912	$4.00 E - 06$	1.220	0.988
0.1	412	415.6	−3.6	$- 5.32 E - 04$	−1.843	$- 8.07 E - 04$	−2.770	1.028
	442	442.6	−0.6	$- 5.50 E - 05$	−0.238	$- 1.10 E - 04$	−0.474	1.005
	488	487.7	0.3	$- 1.20 E - 05$	−0.071	$5.40 E - 05$	0.320	0.997
	530	529.8	0.2	$2.00 E - 06$	0.029	$1.80 E - 05$	0.261	0.997
	547	547.0	0.0	$1.10 E - 05$	0.202	$6.00 E - 06$	0.110	0.999
	666	665.1	0.9	$2.00 E - 06$	0.456	$4.00 E - 06$	0.915	0.991
1.0	412	412.5	−0.5	$- 4.00 E - 05$	−0.373	$- 4.10 E - 05$	−0.382	1.004
	442	442.9	−0.9	$- 4.00 E - 06$	−0.041	$8.00 E - 06$	0.082	0.999
	488	487.1	0.9	$- 1.80 E - 05$	−0.166	$- 5.10 E - 05$	−0.468	1.005
	530	530.4	−0.4	$- 4.00 E - 06$	−0.045	$- 5.00 E - 06$	−0.057	1.001
	547	547.2	−0.2	$0.00 E + 00$	0.000	$- 1.60 E - 05$	−0.198	1.002
	666	665.1	0.9	$2.00 E - 06$	0.186	$8.00 E - 06$	0.747	0.993
10.0	412	409.1	2.9	$1.01 E - 04$	1.995	$1.37 E - 04$	2.725	0.973
	442	442.9	−0.9	$1.80 E - 05$	0.362	$3.20 E - 05$	0.646	0.994
	488	487.5	0.5	$3.00 E - 06$	0.044	$- 3.00 E - 05$	−0.440	1.004
	530	530.2	−0.2	$0.00 E + 00$	0.000	$2.10 E - 05$	0.213	0.998
	547	546.9	0.1	$- 9.00 E - 06$	−0.079	$- 7.00 E - 06$	−0.062	1.001
	666	665.4	0.6	$4.00 E - 06$	0.153	$1.20 E - 05$	0.461	0.995
(c) VIIRS
0.01	410	416.4	−6.4	$- 4.43 E - 04$	−0.566	$- 3.13 E - 03$	−3.868	1.040
	443	443.7	−0.7	$- 1.39 E - 04$	−0.295	$- 9.17 E - 04$	−1.916	1.020
	486	486.6	−0.6	$- 7.40 E - 05$	−0.325	$- 3.21 E - 04$	−1.396	1.014
	551	546.1	4.9	$3.86 E - 04$	9.095	$5.72 E - 04$	14.096	0.876
	671	654.1	16.9	$1.44 E - 04$	58.776	$1.39 E - 04$	55.600	0.643
0.03	410	413.9	−3.9	$- 2.58 E - 04$	−0.543	$- 1.07 E - 03$	−2.212	1.023
	443	444.0	−1.0	$- 1.01 E - 04$	−0.299	$- 5.81 E - 04$	−1.695	1.017
	486	486.9	−0.9	$- 7.00 E - 05$	−0.340	$- 3.31 E - 04$	−1.586	1.016
	551	547.1	3.9	$2.82 E - 04$	6.008	$4.72 E - 04$	10.480	0.905
	671	656.1	14.9	$1.22 E - 04$	38.978	$1.18 E - 04$	37.224	0.729
0.1	410	411.7	−1.7	$- 1.54 E - 04$	−0.525	$- 3.68 E - 04$	−1.244	1.013
	443	444.3	−1.3	$- 6.60 E - 05$	−0.289	$- 2.66 E - 04$	−1.156	1.012
	486	487.3	−1.3	$- 5.80 E - 05$	−0.340	$- 2.66 E - 04$	−1.540	1.016
	551	547.6	3.4	$1.80 E - 04$	3.466	$3.60 E - 04$	7.180	0.933
	671	659.1	11.9	$1.00 E - 04$	23.753	$9.70 E - 05$	22.877	0.814
1.0	410	410.1	−0.1	$- 4.80 E - 05$	−0.439	$- 1.20 E - 05$	−0.110	1.001
	443	443.5	−0.5	$- 1.70 E - 05$	−0.173	$4.00 E - 06$	0.041	1.000
	486	484.1	1.9	$- 2.80 E - 05$	−0.259	$- 8.50 E - 05$	−0.783	1.008
	551	549.3	1.7	$9.99 E - 07$	0.013	$1.20 E - 04$	1.550	0.985
	671	665.1	5.9	$8.00 E - 05$	7.678	$8.00 E - 05$	7.678	0.929
10.0	410	409.5	0.5	$- 7.00 E - 06$	−0.137	$2.50 E - 05$	0.491	0.995
	443	443.9	−0.9	$9.00 E - 06$	0.179	$4.70 E - 05$	0.944	0.991
	486	486.4	−0.4	$0.00 E + 00$	0.000	$2.00 E - 05$	0.299	0.997
	551	548.1	2.9	$- 1.30 E - 04$	−1.130	$- 1.76 E - 04$	−1.524	1.015
	671	667.1	3.9	$7.90 E - 05$	3.105	$1.16 E - 04$	4.627	0.956

MOBY In Situ Data
$λ_{i}^{(N)}$ (nm)	$λ_{i}^{(E)}$ (nm)	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$OOB (Δ)$	$OOB (%)$	${OOB}^{(N)} (Δ)$	${OOB}^{(N)} (%)$	Corr
SeaWiFS
413	414.4	−1.4	$- 8.14 E - 05$	−0.221	$- 3.29 E - 04$	−0.887	1.009
444	444.4	−0.4	$2.87 E - 06$	0.010	$- 1.32 E - 04$	−0.475	1.005
491	492.3	−1.3	$- 6.36 E - 05$	−0.359	$- 4.63 E - 04$	−2.555	1.026
510	508.5	1.5	$4.24 E - 05$	0.410	$8.16 E - 04$	8.527	0.921
555	551.3	3.8	$1.81 E - 04$	4.253	$2.88 E - 04$	6.947	0.935
668	657.2	10.8	$8.52 E - 05$	31.957	$8.84 E - 05$	33.526	0.746
MODIS
412	416.8	−4.8	$- 7.49 E - 04$	−2.029	$- 9.88 E - 04$	−2.659	1.027
442	442.3	−0.3	$- 7.33 E - 05$	−0.259	$- 1.09 E - 04$	−0.384	1.004
488	487.7	0.3	$- 7.66 E - 06$	−0.040	$1.04 E - 04$	0.547	0.995
530	530.0	0.0	$3.28 E - 06$	0.049	$- 7.80 E - 07$	−0.012	1.000
547	547.1	−0.1	$1.44 E - 05$	0.293	$- 5.98 E - 06$	−0.122	1.001
666	665.9	0.1	$1.86 E - 06$	0.697	$4.41 E - 06$	1.670	0.983
VIIRS
410	411.3	−1.3	$- 2.37 E - 04$	−0.631	$- 6.88 E - 04$	−1.815	1.018
443	444.3	−1.3	$- 9.52 E - 05$	−0.344	$- 4.69 E - 04$	−1.671	1.017
486	487.6	−1.6	$- 8.55 E - 05$	−0.442	$- 8.69 E - 04$	−4.322	1.045
551	547.8	3.3	$2.25 E - 04$	4.868	$3.91 E - 04$	8.797	0.919
671	656.5	14.5	$1.09 E - 04$	41.698	$1.08 E - 04$	41.385	0.704

Turbid Region	$λ_{i}^{(N)}$ (nm)	$λ_{i}^{(E)}$ (nm)	$Δ λ$ (nm)	$OOB (Δ)$	$OOB (%)$	${OOB}^{(N)} (Δ)$	${OOB}^{(N)} (%)$	Corr
(a) SeaWiFS
CB	413	414.0	−1.0	$1.76 E - 05$	0.146	$6.82 E - 05$	0.568	0.993
	444	444.9	−0.9	$2.56 E - 06$	0.019	$9.17 E - 05$	0.683	0.992
	491	490.7	0.3	$- 2.10 E - 06$	−0.012	$- 3.40 E - 05$	−0.196	1.002
	510	510.0	0.0	$- 1.46 E - 05$	−0.079	$- 3.56 E - 05$	−0.193	1.002
	555	555.5	−0.5	$- 2.04 E - 04$	−0.990	$- 1.88 E - 04$	−0.910	1.008
	668	667.0	1.0	$4.06 E - 05$	0.557	$1.48 E - 04$	2.060	0.971
ECS	413	413.8	−0.8	$5.94 E - 05$	0.248	$6.33 E - 04$	2.708	0.967
	444	444.4	−0.4	$1.94 E - 06$	0.006	$3.21 E - 05$	0.106	1.000
	491	490.2	0.8	$2.19 E - 05$	0.054	$- 2.15 E - 04$	−0.525	1.008
	510	510.2	−0.2	$- 3.42 E - 05$	−0.079	$1.69 E - 05$	0.039	0.999
	555	555.0	0.0	$- 4.20 E - 04$	−0.830	$- 3.22 E - 04$	−0.637	1.007
	668	667.1	0.9	$3.64 E - 05$	0.128	$2.14 E - 04$	0.758	0.967
Lake Taihu	413	414.2	−1.2	$1.08 E - 04$	0.271	$4.00 E - 04$	1.015	0.990
	444	444.8	−0.8	$1.05 E - 05$	0.021	$3.03 E - 04$	0.608	0.991
	491	492.1	−1.1	$1.36 E - 04$	0.205	$3.14 E - 04$	0.476	0.995
	510	510.0	0.0	$- 4.58 E - 05$	−0.061	$7.82 E - 05$	0.104	0.998
	555	552.5	2.5	$- 6.73 E - 04$	−0.663	$- 1.21 E - 03$	−1.182	1.012
	668	667.0	1.0	$- 1.52 E - 05$	−0.019	$8.03 E - 04$	1.036	0.987
(b) MODIS
CB	412	417.0	−5.0	$1.81 E - 04$	1.504	$2.56 E - 04$	2.135	0.975
	442	442.7	−0.7	$2.13 E - 05$	0.160	$6.49 E - 05$	0.489	0.994
	488	487.1	0.9	$- 1.48 E - 05$	−0.087	$- 9.08 E - 05$	−0.529	1.006
	530	529.7	0.3	$- 5.42 E - 06$	−0.027	$- 2.70 E - 05$	−0.136	1.001
	547	547.2	−0.2	$- 9.21 E - 06$	−0.045	$- 3.17 E - 05$	−0.154	1.002
	666	665.7	0.3	$- 1.28 E - 05$	−0.176	$3.30 E - 05$	0.457	1.027
ECS	412	414.1	−2.1	$5.76 E - 04$	2.411	$1.01 E - 03$	4.306	0.959
	442	442.2	−0.2	$5.68 E - 05$	0.191	$2.29 E - 05$	0.077	1.002
	488	487.2	0.8	$- 2.55 E - 05$	−0.064	$- 3.17 E - 04$	−0.786	1.008
	530	530.4	−0.4	$8.47 E - 07$	0.002	$8.36 E - 05$	0.180	0.999
	547	547.1	−0.1	$- 1.33 E - 05$	−0.027	$- 4.53 E - 06$	−0.009	1.001
	666	666.2	−0.2	$- 6.63 E - 05$	−0.233	$6.92 E - 05$	0.244	0.988
Lake Taihu	412	417.0	−5.0	$1.13 E - 03$	2.858	$1.57 E - 03$	4.005	0.960
	442	442.8	−0.8	$1.41 E - 04$	0.286	$3.04 E - 04$	0.619	0.993
	488	487.6	0.4	$3.14 E - 05$	0.048	$- 1.56 E - 04$	−0.240	1.002
	530	530.1	−0.1	$4.72 E - 06$	0.005	$7.49 E - 05$	0.085	0.999
	547	546.9	0.1	$- 5.91 E - 05$	−0.060	$- 9.66 E - 05$	−0.098	1.001
	666	666.4	−0.4	$- 1.25 E - 04$	−0.158	$1.18 E - 04$	0.150	0.998
(c) VIIRS
CB	410	410.0	0.0	$- 1.10 E - 04$	−0.921	$- 9.18 E - 05$	−0.770	1.008
	443	443.9	−0.9	$- 1.95 E - 05$	−0.145	$8.27 E - 05$	0.620	0.993
	486	484.7	1.3	$- 7.44 E - 05$	−0.439	$- 1.11 E - 04$	−0.651	1.007
	551	548.4	2.6	$- 2.40 E - 04$	−1.166	$- 1.93 E - 04$	−0.938	1.009
	671	667.6	3.4	$9.44 E - 05$	1.300	$1.56 E - 04$	2.159	0.970
ECS	410	409.9	0.1	$- 1.06 E - 04$	−0.452	$- 1.14 E - 04$	−0.484	1.013
	443	443.3	−0.3	$- 9.25 E - 06$	−0.031	$2.22 E - 04$	0.743	0.994
	486	484.6	1.4	$- 1.32 E - 04$	−0.332	$- 1.20 E - 04$	−0.303	1.006
	551	549.0	2.0	$- 5.10 E - 04$	−1.023	$- 3.82 E - 04$	−0.768	1.005
	671	670.6	0.4	$7.91 E - 05$	0.279	$1.66 E - 04$	0.588	0.964
Lake Taihu	410	411.3	−1.3	$2.81 E - 04$	0.719	$5.54 E - 04$	1.426	0.986
	443	444.4	−1.4	$1.33 E - 04$	0.267	$5.90 E - 04$	1.193	0.986
	486	486.6	−0.6	$2.87 E - 05$	0.044	$1.60 E - 04$	0.248	0.997
	551	547.5	3.5	$- 9.65 E - 04$	−0.965	$- 1.57 E - 03$	−1.560	1.016
	671	669.3	1.7	$2.26 E - 05$	0.029	$1.07 E - 03$	1.400	0.981

SeaWiFS (nm)	MODIS (nm)	VIIRS (nm)
412	412	412 (M1)
443	443	445 (M2)
490	488	488 (M3)
510	531	—
555	551	555 (M4)
670	667	672 (M5)
—	678	—
765	748	746 (M6)
865	869	865 (M7)

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (4)

Tables (4)

Equations (16)

Applied Optics