Tentative detection of clear-air turbulence using a ground-based Rayleigh lidar

Alain Hauchecorne; Charles Cot; Francis Dalaudier; Jacques Porteneuve; Thierry Gaudo; Richard Wilson; Claire Cénac; Christian Laqui; Philippe Keckhut; Jean-Marie Perrin; Agnès Dolfi; Nicolas Cézard; Laurent Lombard; Claudine Besson

doi:10.1364/AO.55.003420

Applied Optics
Vol. 55,
Issue 13,
pp. 3420-3428
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.55.003420

Tentative detection of clear-air turbulence using a ground-based Rayleigh lidar

Alain Hauchecorne, Charles Cot, Francis Dalaudier, Jacques Porteneuve, Thierry Gaudo, Richard Wilson, Claire Cénac, Christian Laqui, Philippe Keckhut, Jean-Marie Perrin, Agnès Dolfi, Nicolas Cézard, Laurent Lombard, and Claudine Besson

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Alain Hauchecorne, Charles Cot, Francis Dalaudier, Jacques Porteneuve, Thierry Gaudo, Richard Wilson, Claire Cénac, Christian Laqui, Philippe Keckhut, Jean-Marie Perrin, Agnès Dolfi, Nicolas Cézard, Laurent Lombard, and Claudine Besson, "Tentative detection of clear-air turbulence using a ground-based Rayleigh lidar," Appl. Opt. 55, 3420-3428 (2016)

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Abstract

Atmospheric gravity waves and turbulence generate small-scale fluctuations of wind, pressure, density, and temperature in the atmosphere. These fluctuations represent a real hazard for commercial aircraft and are known by the generic name of clear-air turbulence (CAT). Numerical weather prediction models do not resolve CAT and therefore provide only a probability of occurrence. A ground-based Rayleigh lidar was designed and implemented to remotely detect and characterize the atmospheric variability induced by turbulence in vertical scales between 40 m and a few hundred meters. Field measurements were performed at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP, France) on 8 December 2008 and 23 June 2009. The estimate of the mean squared amplitude of bidimensional fluctuations of lidar signal showed excess compared to the estimated contribution of the instrumental noise. This excess can be attributed to atmospheric turbulence with a 95% confidence level. During the first night, data from collocated stratosphere-troposphere (ST) radar were available. Altitudes of the turbulent layers detected by the lidar were roughly consistent with those of layers with enhanced radar echo. The derived values of turbulence parameters $C_{n}^{2}$ or $C_{T}^{2}$ were in the range of those published in the literature using ST radar data. However, the detection was at the limit of the instrumental noise and additional measurement campaigns are highly desirable to confirm these initial results. This is to our knowledge the first successful attempt to detect CAT in the free troposphere using an incoherent Rayleigh lidar system. The built lidar device may serve as a test bed for the definition of embarked CAT detection lidar systems aboard airliners.

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Instrumental Parameters
Laser	Pulsed Nd:YAG
Average power	$E_{0} = 15 W$ at 532 nm
Laser emission	${4 \cdot 10}^{19} ph s^{- 1}$
Pulse repetition rate	50 Hz
Energy per pulse	300 mJ at 532 nm
Off axis	6 m
Telescope	Newton
Focal	1500 mm
Diameter	530 mm
Pupil surface	$A_{tel} = 0.22 m^{2}$
Field of view	0.67 mrad
Multimode fiber	1 mm -diameter
Interferential filter	61% ( $B W = 1 nm$ )
Polarizer	$T > 95 % R > 99 %$
Photomultiplier tubes	Hamamatsu-R7205-01
Bandwidth	3.5 MHz
Quantum efficiency	10%
Analogic signal Recorder	NI5922
Sampling frequency	10 MHz
Overall lidar efficiency	$Q_{lid} = 0.1 - 0.01$
Spatial resolution	$d_{z} = 15 m$

Parameters
Altitude	$z = 10000 m$
Transmission (1 path)	$t_{atm} = 0.7$
Molecular backscattering	$β_{R} = {4 \cdot 10}^{- 7} m^{- 1} {sr}^{- 1}$
Aerosol backscattering	$β_{M} < 0.05 β_{R}$
Horizontal mean wind	$10 {ms}^{- 1}$

Date and Time	FQ Excess	$C_{n}^{2} (m^{- 2 / 3})$	$C_{T}^{2} (K^{2} \cdot m^{- 2 / 3})$
08-12-2008	${2.56 \times 10}^{- 7}$	${1.16 \times 10}^{- 16}$	$0.49 \times 10^{- 3}$
18:34–19:34
08-12-2008	${2.38 \times 10}^{- 7}$	$1.07 \times 10^{- 16}$	${0.37 \times 10}^{- 3}$
19:38–20:38
08-12-2008	${0.42 \times 10}^{- 7}$	$0.19 \times 10^{- 16}$	${0.07 \times 10}^{- 3}$
23:42–24:42
08-12-2008	${1.79 \times 10}^{- 7}$	$0.81 \times 10^{- 16}$	${0.28 \times 10}^{- 3}$
Night average
23-06-2009	${7.40 \times 10}^{- 7}$	$3.35 \times 10^{- 16}$	${1.15 \times 10}^{- 3}$
21:38–22:38
06-23-2009	${6.21 \times 10}^{- 7}$	${2.80 \times 10}^{- 16}$	${0.97 \times 10}^{- 3}$
22:59–23:59
2009-06-23	${6.73 \times 10}^{- 7}$	$3.04 \times 10^{- 16}$	${1.05 \times 10}^{- 3}$
Night average

Instrumental Parameters
Laser	Pulsed Nd:YAG
Average power	$E_{0} = 15 W$ at 532 nm
Laser emission	${4 \cdot 10}^{19} ph s^{- 1}$
Pulse repetition rate	50 Hz
Energy per pulse	300 mJ at 532 nm
Off axis	6 m
Telescope	Newton
Focal	1500 mm
Diameter	530 mm
Pupil surface	$A_{tel} = 0.22 m^{2}$
Field of view	0.67 mrad
Multimode fiber	1 mm -diameter
Interferential filter	61% ( $B W = 1 nm$ )
Polarizer	$T > 95 % R > 99 %$
Photomultiplier tubes	Hamamatsu-R7205-01
Bandwidth	3.5 MHz
Quantum efficiency	10%
Analogic signal Recorder	NI5922
Sampling frequency	10 MHz
Overall lidar efficiency	$Q_{lid} = 0.1 - 0.01$
Spatial resolution	$d_{z} = 15 m$

Parameters
Altitude	$z = 10000 m$
Transmission (1 path)	$t_{atm} = 0.7$
Molecular backscattering	$β_{R} = {4 \cdot 10}^{- 7} m^{- 1} {sr}^{- 1}$
Aerosol backscattering	$β_{M} < 0.05 β_{R}$
Horizontal mean wind	$10 {ms}^{- 1}$

Abstract

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Applied Optics