Autofocus method for scanning remote sensing cameras

Hengyi Lv; Chengshan Han; Xucheng Xue; Changhong Hu; Cheng Yao

doi:10.1364/AO.54.006351

Applied Optics
Vol. 54,
Issue 20,
pp. 6351-6359
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.006351

Autofocus method for scanning remote sensing cameras

Hengyi Lv, Chengshan Han, Xucheng Xue, Changhong Hu, and Cheng Yao

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Hengyi Lv, Chengshan Han, Xucheng Xue, Changhong Hu, and Cheng Yao, "Autofocus method for scanning remote sensing cameras," Appl. Opt. 54, 6351-6359 (2015)

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Abstract

Autofocus methods are conventionally based on capturing the same scene from a series of positions of the focal plane. As a result, it has been difficult to apply this technique to scanning remote sensing cameras where the scenes change continuously. In order to realize autofocus in scanning remote sensing cameras, a novel autofocus method is investigated in this paper. Instead of introducing additional mechanisms or optics, the overlapped pixels of the adjacent CCD sensors on the focal plane are employed. Two images, corresponding to the same scene on the ground, can be captured at different times. Further, one step of focusing is done during the time interval, so that the two images can be obtained at different focal plane positions. Subsequently, the direction of the next step of focusing is calculated based on the two images. The analysis shows that the method investigated operates without restriction of the time consumption of the algorithm and realizes a total projection for general focus measures and algorithms from digital still cameras to scanning remote sensing cameras. The experiment results show that the proposed method is applicable to the entire focus measure family, and the error ratio is, on average, no more than 0.2% and drops to 0% by reliability improvement, which is lower than that of prevalent approaches (12%). The proposed method is demonstrated to be effective and has potential in other scanning imaging applications.

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Cameras	$A (m)$	$H (km)$	$α (μm)$	$f (m)$	$ξ (s)$
GeoEye-1	0.41	684	8	13.3	0.372
WorldView-1	0.45	450	8	8.00	0.388
WorldView-2	0.46	770	8	13.4	0.424
QuickBird-2	0.61	450	12	8.85	0.347
Pleiades-HR	0.7	695	13	12.9	0.387
Ikonos-2	0.82	681	12	9.97	0.491
Model 1000	0.82	600	12	8.78	0.483

Step	${OR}_{1}$	${OR}_{2}$	${OR}_{3}$	${OR}_{4}$	${OR}_{5}$	${OR}_{6}$	${OR}_{7}$	${OR}_{8}$	$Σ γ ({\tilde{Φ}}_{L \times K - 1})$
Step	${OR}_{1}^{'}$	${OR}_{2}^{'}$	${OR}_{3}^{'}$	${OR}_{4}^{'}$	${OR}_{5}^{'}$	${OR}_{6}^{'}$	${OR}_{7}^{'}$	${OR}_{8}^{'}$	$Σ γ ({\tilde{Φ}}_{L \times K - 1}^{'})$	Direction
1	42483092	11167078	28593823	41096373	41630305	42087154	35695096	43533326	210830250
1	43339318	11349027	29168854	41491252	41988215	42302222	35972711	43808944	212929951	left
2	22202225	24113962	14184837	2148056	30584234	30164043	21129880	9727522	107064464
2	23340566	27001691	14978879	2338708	32846048	32252936	21429026	9982791	115441241	left
3	17231122	12799231	14550611	15343341	20474919	23772331	19525047	24592836	88365133
3	17790432	13492366	15221993	15629646	21816495	24750451	20795027	25893361	93255334	left
4	24962144	29844663	16430355	41397966	42876309	26828388	28017395	21643265	114118938
4	25627982	31467704	17331335	42816839	45786564	28342655	29806621	22382854	120071107	left
5	18818412	25019573	9950162	17179243	27417981	23171457	22735922	26736482	125081415
5	19151472	25643642	1037898	17475646	28449959	23603239	23452490	27343561	128495591	left
6	14615380	12201129	13809927	13680429	20335970	20921426	20655837	19517989	81431222
6	15395793	13018106	14404733	14680314	21355203	21748298	21387088	20402945	84893534	left
7	23494048	15810581	21139612	28812021	27188392	10998231	21287882	30193255	109687716
7	21649935	13964618	19272578	26328435	24665484	84133146	18972891	27539807	100183661	Right
8	Return to the position of Step 6 and stop.

Step	${OR}_{1}$	${OR}_{2}$	${OR}_{3}$	${OR}_{4}$	${OR}_{5}$	${OR}_{6}$	${OR}_{7}$	${OR}_{8}$	$Σ γ ({\tilde{Φ}}_{L \times K - 1})$
Step	${OR}_{1}^{'}$	${OR}_{2}^{'}$	${OR}_{3}^{'}$	${OR}_{4}^{'}$	${OR}_{5}^{'}$	${OR}_{6}^{'}$	${OR}_{7}^{'}$	${OR}_{8}^{'}$	$Σ γ ({\tilde{Φ}}_{L \times K - 1}^{'})$	Direction
1	92231	12455	50406	41078	56052	41468	22182	40510	198689
1	96907	13516	53949	41654	56822	42353	22607	41281	207678	left
2	86237	115889	46173	59166	144107	135562	20166	12578	481795
2	90558	145121	49710	65453	154978	146455	21332	13884	537112	left
3	52032	30548	48445	30948	77409	73724	77968	84441	313542
3	54483	34103	50433	32259	82343	76543	84035	90428	333349	left
4	51775	94419	56564	103683	205457	101584	101275	49274	511999
4	54200	100482	60292	111053	218702	107203	110604	52378	547562	left
5	69190	127294	26340	54306	98607	65658	90336	82935	399172
5	70958	131659	29437	56556	101424	67512	96055	85499	414637	left
6	53626	35005	44632	37283	70795	54332	87431	84855	243081
6	65093	47955	55824	50116	81704	68876	97820	98382	277906	left
7	121077	78459	117113	112810	97870	64041	87013	167910	518910
7	86862	37341	80795	84995	55178	17106	36500	124473	377125	Right
8	Return to the position of Step 6 and stop.

Step	${OR}_{1}$	${OR}_{2}$	${OR}_{3}$	${OR}_{4}$	${OR}_{5}$	${OR}_{6}$	${OR}_{7}$	${OR}_{8}$	$Σ γ ({\tilde{Φ}}_{L \times K - 1})$
Step	${OR}_{1}^{'}$	${OR}_{2}^{'}$	${OR}_{3}^{'}$	${OR}_{4}^{'}$	${OR}_{5}^{'}$	${OR}_{6}^{'}$	${OR}_{7}^{'}$	${OR}_{8}^{'}$	$Σ γ ({\tilde{Φ}}_{L \times K - 1}^{'})$	Direction
1	73177534	895625	13102435	117179232	180570626	84837735	16839411	111721279	494308872
1	73500279	906740	13806438	117700045	181270780	85301045	17062754	112092342	496364212	left
2	27312207	12959071	57844426	80260836	74687014	24005913	8869826	955965	154947850
2	27895062	13965977	60292845	80575709	77180140	25243548	9266267	968349	157755849	left
3	8992961	9189555	5259203	37120579	29055302	15290970	7681946	20958412	87134293
3	9320439	9364887	5577203	37204856	29462176	15732319	8066886	21559429	88226461	left
4	122280376	118930962	120595631	120791747	73607658	77036875	73732549	56357635	482598716
4	122192624	119172715	120597703	121578504	75702094	77381565	74143689	55807657	483541546	left
5	17741725	12505917	2175513	40601967	38650752	8219772	8426662	22272411	101525130
5	17865968	12763762	2195248	40683312	38636567	8202055	8630096	22377909	101697788	left
6	4746831	3566755	4394777	28025663	23819403	11929420	9202341	10066591	51845066
6	4807823	3602817	4328405	27971204	23990304	12148481	9242785	10172817	51961508	left
7	10418608	5284742	6887451	38592106	60089362	561852	6108124	22495112	121176580
7	10111139	5198379	6661120	38284806	59765478	499635	5954915	21848491	119898775	Right
8	Return to the position of Step 6 and stop.

	Proposed Method			DWT-Based Method
Step size	Original Error Number	Improved Error Number	Error Ratio (%)	Error Number	Error Ratio (%)
1	0	0	0	13	16.25
2	0	0	0	9	11.25
3	0	0	0	11	13.75

	Proposed Method			DWT-Based Method
Step Size	Original Error Number	Improved Error Number	Error Ratio (%)	Error Number	Error Ratio (%)
1	5	0	0	260	16.25
2	3	0	0	161	10
3	1	0	0	152	9.50

Abstract

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Figures (11)

Tables (6)

Equations (15)

Applied Optics