Characterizing integration time and gray-level-related nonlinearities in a NMOS sensor

Javier Pacheco-Labrador; Alejandro Ferrero; M. Pilar Martín

doi:10.1364/AO.53.007778

Characterizing integration time and gray-level-related nonlinearities in a NMOS sensor

Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Alejandro Ferrero, and M. Pilar Martín

Applied Optics
Vol. 53,
Issue 32,
pp. 7778-7786
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.007778

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Javier Pacheco-Labrador, Alejandro Ferrero, and M. Pilar Martín, "Characterizing integration time and gray-level-related nonlinearities in a NMOS sensor," Appl. Opt. 53, 7778-7786 (2014)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Photodetectors (040.5160)
- Remote sensing and sensors (120.0280)
- Radiometry (120.5630)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 24, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: October 17, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: October 19, 2014
- Published: November 7, 2014

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Abstract

We report a nonlinearity effect related to the integration time in a double-beam spectroradiometer equipped with two negative-module metal–oxide semiconductor (NMOS) sensors. This effect can be explained by the addition of photoelectrons produced by the radiant flux on the sensors during the readout phase to the photoelectrons produced during the measurement phase. A new method is proposed to characterize and correct both gray-level and integration-time-related nonlinearities in NMOS sensors. This method is experimentally simple and outperforms other commonly used correction procedures.

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Variable and Function Definitions	Symbol	Units
Pixel	$i$	–
Temperature	$T$	°C
Integration time	$t_{int}$	ms
Dark signal	$N_{dark}$	DN
Electronic bias signal	$N_{0}$	DN
Thermally generated signal	$N_{bias}$	DN
Measured signal	$N_{meas}$	DN
Photo-generated signal	$N_{phot}$	DN
Radiance	$L$	$W m^{- 2} {sr}^{- 1}$
Measured “instrumental radiance”	$L_{meas}^{*}$	DN/ms
Photo-generated “instrumental radiance”	$L_{phot}^{*}$	DN/ms or $DN / (cd m^{- 2})$
Thermally generated “instrumental radiance” (does not represent radiance)	$L_{0}^{*}$	DN/ms
Normalized “instrumental radiance”	$L_{norm}^{*}$	–
Nonlinearity correction function related to the integration time	$ℜ_{IT} (t_{int})$	–
Nonlinearity correction function related to the gray level	$ℜ_{GL} (N_{meas})$	–
Residuals from the $ℜ_{IT}$ fitting	$ε$	DN/ms
Leakage factor	$B$	ms
Gray-level-corrected measured “instrumental radiance”	$L_{measGLcor}^{*}$	DN/ms
Corrected photo-generated “instrumental radiance”	$L_{cor}^{*}$	DN/ms

Tested Datasets
Dataset	Radiance Source		Modified Variable
GLIT-NL experiment	10 W tungsten bulb		Integration time
FSF Inter-comparison	Hoffman Engineering LS-65-8D (Tungsten) luminance/radiance standard source		Radiance
Ocean Optics lamp	Mercury–argon calibration source		Integration time
Correction Models Compared
Model	Calibration Dataset	$t_{int}$ Range (ms)	Correction Functions
GLIT-NL	GLIT-NL experiment	4–741	$ℜ_{IT}$ , $ℜ_{GL}$
OOLIT	GLIT-NL experiment	4–741	$ℜ_{GL}$
OOHIT	Ref. [11]	50–1350	$ℜ_{GL}$

Variable and Function Definitions	Symbol	Units
Pixel	$i$	–
Temperature	$T$	°C
Integration time	$t_{int}$	ms
Dark signal	$N_{dark}$	DN
Electronic bias signal	$N_{0}$	DN
Thermally generated signal	$N_{bias}$	DN
Measured signal	$N_{meas}$	DN
Photo-generated signal	$N_{phot}$	DN
Radiance	$L$	$W m^{- 2} {sr}^{- 1}$
Measured “instrumental radiance”	$L_{meas}^{*}$	DN/ms
Photo-generated “instrumental radiance”	$L_{phot}^{*}$	DN/ms or $DN / (cd m^{- 2})$
Thermally generated “instrumental radiance” (does not represent radiance)	$L_{0}^{*}$	DN/ms
Normalized “instrumental radiance”	$L_{norm}^{*}$	–
Nonlinearity correction function related to the integration time	$ℜ_{IT} (t_{int})$	–
Nonlinearity correction function related to the gray level	$ℜ_{GL} (N_{meas})$	–
Residuals from the $ℜ_{IT}$ fitting	$ε$	DN/ms
Leakage factor	$B$	ms
Gray-level-corrected measured “instrumental radiance”	$L_{measGLcor}^{*}$	DN/ms
Corrected photo-generated “instrumental radiance”	$L_{cor}^{*}$	DN/ms

Tested Datasets
Dataset	Radiance Source		Modified Variable
GLIT-NL experiment	10 W tungsten bulb		Integration time
FSF Inter-comparison	Hoffman Engineering LS-65-8D (Tungsten) luminance/radiance standard source		Radiance
Ocean Optics lamp	Mercury–argon calibration source		Integration time
Correction Models Compared
Model	Calibration Dataset	$t_{int}$ Range (ms)	Correction Functions
GLIT-NL	GLIT-NL experiment	4–741	$ℜ_{IT}$ , $ℜ_{GL}$
OOLIT	GLIT-NL experiment	4–741	$ℜ_{GL}$
OOHIT	Ref. [11]	50–1350	$ℜ_{GL}$

Abstract

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Equations (9)

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