Characterization of four potential laser-induced fluorescence tracers for diesel engine applications

Johannes Trost; Lars Zigan; Alfred Leipertz; Dipankar Sahoo; Paul C. Miles

doi:10.1364/AO.52.008001

Applied Optics
Vol. 52,
Issue 33,
pp. 8001-8007
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.008001

Characterization of four potential laser-induced fluorescence tracers for diesel engine applications

Johannes Trost, Lars Zigan, Alfred Leipertz, Dipankar Sahoo, and Paul C. Miles

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Johannes Trost, Lars Zigan, Alfred Leipertz, Dipankar Sahoo, and Paul C. Miles, "Characterization of four potential laser-induced fluorescence tracers for diesel engine applications," Appl. Opt. 52, 8001-8007 (2013)

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Abstract

Four potential laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) tracers, 1-phenyloctane, 1-phenyldecane, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene, are characterized for diesel engine applications. These tracers, embedded in the diesel primary reference fuels $n - C_{16} H_{34}$ and iso- $C_{16} H_{34}$ , match the relevant physical properties of commercial diesel fuel much better than the commonly used toluene/iso-octane/ $n$ -heptane tracer-fuel system does. The temperature and pressure dependencies of the fluorescence intensities and spectra were measured in a flow cell in nitrogen for each candidate tracer molecule. The results show that the signal intensities of the methylnaphthalenes are about two orders of magnitude higher than for 1-phenyloctane and 1-phenyldecane and show a strong temperature but no pressure, dependence. An analysis of the fluorescence spectrum of 1-methylnaphthalene shows that it also can be used for two-color detection LIF thermometry by choosing appropriate optical filters.

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Species	Molar Mass in g/mol	Density (at 298 K) in kg/l	Viscosity (at 313 K) in ${mm}^{2} / s$	Boiling Point in °C	Vapor Pressure (at 313 K) in kPa	Latent Heat of Vaporization (at 500 K) in kJ/mol
D#2	—	0.82–0.85^a	1.9–4.1^a	176–370^a	0.04^a	—
ISO	114.2^b	0.69^b	0.66^c	99^b	12.88^d	29.04^d
nHEP	100.2^b	0.66^b	0.51^b	99^b	12.21^d	18.25^d
nHD	226.4^a	0.77^a	3.01^d	287^a	0.001^d	59.31^d
HMN	226.4^a	0.79^a	3.20^d	240^a	0.021^d	46.07^d
TOL	92.1^b	0.86^b	0.55^b	110^b	7.826^d	24.50^d
PO	190.3^e	0.86^e	2.06^f	265^e	0.006^d	52.82^d
PD	218.4^a	0.86^a	2.88^f	293^a	0.001^d	60.15^d
1MN	142.2^e	1.02^e	5.31^b	244^e	0.030^d	47.65^d
2MN	142.2^e	1.01^e	4.31^b	241^e	0.028^d	47.01^d

Filter Combination	473 K	673 K	873 K
WG-335/WG-295	0.578	0.640	0.693
WG-375/WG-295	0.055	0.082	0.114
WG-375/WG-335	0.095	0.128	0.164
355 LP/WG-295	0.211	0.284	0.357

Species	Molar Mass in g/mol	Density (at 298 K) in kg/l	Viscosity (at 313 K) in ${mm}^{2} / s$	Boiling Point in °C	Vapor Pressure (at 313 K) in kPa	Latent Heat of Vaporization (at 500 K) in kJ/mol
D#2	—	0.82–0.85^a	1.9–4.1^a	176–370^a	0.04^a	—
ISO	114.2^b	0.69^b	0.66^c	99^b	12.88^d	29.04^d
nHEP	100.2^b	0.66^b	0.51^b	99^b	12.21^d	18.25^d
nHD	226.4^a	0.77^a	3.01^d	287^a	0.001^d	59.31^d
HMN	226.4^a	0.79^a	3.20^d	240^a	0.021^d	46.07^d
TOL	92.1^b	0.86^b	0.55^b	110^b	7.826^d	24.50^d
PO	190.3^e	0.86^e	2.06^f	265^e	0.006^d	52.82^d
PD	218.4^a	0.86^a	2.88^f	293^a	0.001^d	60.15^d
1MN	142.2^e	1.02^e	5.31^b	244^e	0.030^d	47.65^d
2MN	142.2^e	1.01^e	4.31^b	241^e	0.028^d	47.01^d

Filter Combination	473 K	673 K	873 K
WG-335/WG-295	0.578	0.640	0.693
WG-375/WG-295	0.055	0.082	0.114
WG-375/WG-335	0.095	0.128	0.164
355 LP/WG-295	0.211	0.284	0.357

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Applied Optics