Diode-pumped 2&#xA0;&#x3BC;m vibronic (Tm3+, Yb3+):KLu(WO4)2 laser

Martha Segura; Xavier Mateos; Maria Cinta Pujol; Joan Josep Carvajal; Magdalena Aguiló; Francesc Díaz; Uwe Griebner; Valentin Petrov

doi:10.1364/AO.51.002701

Applied Optics
Vol. 51,
Issue 14,
pp. 2701-2705
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.002701

Diode-pumped 2 μm vibronic ( ${Tm}^{3 +}$ , ${Yb}^{3 +}$ ): $KLu {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$ laser

Martha Segura, Xavier Mateos, Maria Cinta Pujol, Joan Josep Carvajal, Magdalena Aguiló, Francesc Díaz, Uwe Griebner, and Valentin Petrov

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Martha Segura, Xavier Mateos, Maria Cinta Pujol, Joan Josep Carvajal, Magdalena Aguiló, Francesc Díaz, Uwe Griebner, and Valentin Petrov, "Diode-pumped 2 μm vibronic (Tm³⁺, Yb³⁺):KLu(WO₄)₂ laser," Appl. Opt. 51, 2701-2705 (2012)

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Abstract

We report on laser operation in a (6 at. % Tm, 5 at. % Yb): $KLu {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$ codoped crystal. The vibrational frequencies of $KLu {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$ are coupled to the electronic transitions of ${Tm}^{3 +}$ at 1946 nm, creating virtual final laser levels at higher energy than the ground level ${}^{3}{H_{6}}$ of ${Tm}^{3 +}$ . The longest recorded laser wavelength was 2039 nm, which is longer than permitted by a pure electronic transition in ${Tm}^{3 +}$ ions in $KLu {({WO}_{4})}_{2}$ . We show that every laser wavelength can be explained with the electron–phonon coupling effect, where the vibration frequencies were determined through Raman spectroscopy.

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Tm Host and Symmetry	Crystal Orientation	Doping Level (%)	Thickness (mm)	Wavelength Tuning Range (nm)	Laser Polarization	Ref.
BaYF, monoclinic	$b - a$	8	2.50	1927–1997	Unpolarized	[8]
	$b - a$	8	3.79	1930–2001	Unpolarized	[8]
	$b - a$	12	1.86	1978–2030	Unpolarized	[8]
	$b - a$	18	1.51	1990–2027	Unpolarized	[8]
LLF, tetragonal $I 4_{1} / a$	$a$ -cut	12	1.92	1985–2015	$E ‖ σ$	[9]
LLF, tetragonal $I 4_{1} / a$	$a$ -cut	12	2.57	2005–2038	$E ‖ σ$	[9]
GLF, tetragonal $I 4_{1} / a$	$a$ -cut	8	3.70	1826–2054	$E ‖ σ$	[10]
YAG, cubic $I a 3 d$	…	12	3.20	1870–2180	Linear due to birefringent tuning plate	[11]
YSGG, cubic $I a 3 d$	…	12	2.60	1850–2140	Linear due to birefringent tuning plate	[11]
${GdVO}_{4}$ , tetragonal $I 4_{1} / amd$	$a$ -cut	6	3.00	1840–1970	$E ‖ σ$	[12]
${Lu}_{2} O_{3}$ , cubic $I a \bar{3}$	…	1	2.76	1900–2110	Linear	[13]
${Sc}_{2} O_{3}$ , cubic $I a \bar{3}$	…	1	15.0	1975–2168	Linear	[14]
${YAlO}_{3}$ , orthorhombic Pbnm	$a$ -cut	3	8.00	1886–2032	Not available	[15]

$λ$ (nm)	$Δ E$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$e^{-}$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	ph ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	Virtual Level ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )
1999	5003	513	147	660
2002	4994	522	147	669
2006	4985	530	147	677
2010	4975	513	175	688
2012	4970	522	175	697
2017	4957	530	175	705
2028	4931	513	218	731
2031	4924	522	218	740
2035	4914	530	218	748
2036	4911	513	236	749
2039	4904	522	236	758
2044	4892	530	236	766

Tm Host and Symmetry	Crystal Orientation	Doping Level (%)	Thickness (mm)	Wavelength Tuning Range (nm)	Laser Polarization	Ref.
BaYF, monoclinic	$b - a$	8	2.50	1927–1997	Unpolarized	[8]
	$b - a$	8	3.79	1930–2001	Unpolarized	[8]
	$b - a$	12	1.86	1978–2030	Unpolarized	[8]
	$b - a$	18	1.51	1990–2027	Unpolarized	[8]
LLF, tetragonal $I 4_{1} / a$	$a$ -cut	12	1.92	1985–2015	$E ‖ σ$	[9]
LLF, tetragonal $I 4_{1} / a$	$a$ -cut	12	2.57	2005–2038	$E ‖ σ$	[9]
GLF, tetragonal $I 4_{1} / a$	$a$ -cut	8	3.70	1826–2054	$E ‖ σ$	[10]
YAG, cubic $I a 3 d$	…	12	3.20	1870–2180	Linear due to birefringent tuning plate	[11]
YSGG, cubic $I a 3 d$	…	12	2.60	1850–2140	Linear due to birefringent tuning plate	[11]
${GdVO}_{4}$ , tetragonal $I 4_{1} / amd$	$a$ -cut	6	3.00	1840–1970	$E ‖ σ$	[12]
${Lu}_{2} O_{3}$ , cubic $I a \bar{3}$	…	1	2.76	1900–2110	Linear	[13]
${Sc}_{2} O_{3}$ , cubic $I a \bar{3}$	…	1	15.0	1975–2168	Linear	[14]
${YAlO}_{3}$ , orthorhombic Pbnm	$a$ -cut	3	8.00	1886–2032	Not available	[15]

$λ$ (nm)	$Δ E$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$e^{-}$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	ph ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	Virtual Level ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )
1999	5003	513	147	660
2002	4994	522	147	669
2006	4985	530	147	677
2010	4975	513	175	688
2012	4970	522	175	697
2017	4957	530	175	705
2028	4931	513	218	731
2031	4924	522	218	740
2035	4914	530	218	748
2036	4911	513	236	749
2039	4904	522	236	758
2044	4892	530	236	766

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Applied Optics