Comparative study of mid-infrared fibers for modal filtering

Romain Grille; Olga Caballero-Calero; Brahim Arezki; Tomer Lewi; Pierre Kern; Abraham Katzir; Guillermo Martin

doi:10.1364/AO.49.006340

Applied Optics
Vol. 49,
Issue 32,
pp. 6340-6347
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.49.006340

Comparative study of mid-infrared fibers for modal filtering

Romain Grille, Olga Caballero-Calero, Brahim Arezki, Tomer Lewi, Pierre Kern, Abraham Katzir, and Guillermo Martin

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Romain Grille, Olga Caballero-Calero, Brahim Arezki, Tomer Lewi, Pierre Kern, Abraham Katzir, and Guillermo Martin, "Comparative study of mid-infrared fibers for modal filtering," Appl. Opt. 49, 6340-6347 (2010)

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Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 7, 2010
- Revised Manuscript: October 7, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: October 8, 2010
- Published: November 9, 2010

Abstract

We compare the filtering capabilities of two infrared fibers developed to achieve a high rejection ratio of the higher order modes in order to obtain compact modal filters devoted to stellar interferometry. Two types of double-clad fibers are studied: a fiber with a second thin absorbing cladding and a fiber with a second thick absorbing cladding closer to the fiber core; both are single mode around the ${CO}_{2}$ band ( $10.6 μm$ ). We present the single-mode spectral domain and the nulling capabilities of both fibers for different fiber lengths, comparing simulations with experimental results. We show that the filtering capabilities are improved when the absorbing clad is closer to the fiber core, as the propagation distance needed to filter out these modes is shorter. Thus, to obtain high rejection ratios in compact devices, an absorbing cladding close to the core of the fiber is compulsory in order to suppress cladding modes that could eventually recouple into the waveguide. We present an empirical model that allows determining the minimum filter length, considering only one effective leaky mode with low attenuation, which considerably simplifies the theoretical studies.

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Thin-Clad	Core	First Clad	Second Clad
ϕ (diameter, $μm$ )	60	900	920
n (real)	$2.090 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$
κ (imaginary)	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$4.9 e - 5 \pm 1.4 e - 5$
$α (cm - 1)$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.58 \pm 0.17$
Thick-Clad	Core	First Clad	Second Clad
ϕ (diameter, $μm$ )	50	250	900
n (real)	$2.090 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$
κ (imaginary)	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$4.9 e - 5 \pm 1.4 e - 5$
$α (cm - 1)$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.58 \pm 0.17$

Thin-Clad	$L = 30 cm$		$L = 15 cm$
Mode order	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)
$M = 0$	2.0879	$1.94 e - 6$	2.0879	$1.94 e - 6$
$M = 1$	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$
$M = 2$	2.0864	$2.01 e - 6$	2.0864	$2.01 e - 6$
$M = 3$	2.0862	$2.04 e - 6$	2.0862	$2.04 e - 6$
Lowest attenuated ( $M = 1$ )	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$
Thick-Clad	$L = 30 cm$		$L = 15 cm$
Mode Order	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)
$M = 0$	2.0879	$1.96 e - 6$	2.0879	$1.96 e - 6$
$M = 1$	2.0861	$3.60 e - 5$	2.0861	$3.61 e - 5$
$M = 2$	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$
$M = 3$	2.0854	$3.45 e - 5$	2.0854	$3.45 e - 5$
Lowest attenuated ( $M = 2$ )	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$

	Experimental (μm)	Theoretical (μm)
$λ_{cutoff}$ (thin absorbing clad)	9.5	9.5–8.1
$λ_{cutoff}$ (thick absorbing clad)	7.2	6.7–7.9

Thin-Clad	Core	First Clad	Second Clad
ϕ (diameter, $μm$ )	60	900	920
n (real)	$2.090 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$
κ (imaginary)	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$4.9 e - 5 \pm 1.4 e - 5$
$α (cm - 1)$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.58 \pm 0.17$
Thick-Clad	Core	First Clad	Second Clad
ϕ (diameter, $μm$ )	50	250	900
n (real)	$2.090 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$	$2.087 \pm 0.001$
κ (imaginary)	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$1.9 e - 6 \pm 0.2 e - 6$	$4.9 e - 5 \pm 1.4 e - 5$
$α (cm - 1)$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.023 \pm 0.002$	$0.58 \pm 0.17$

Thin-Clad	$L = 30 cm$		$L = 15 cm$
Mode order	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)
$M = 0$	2.0879	$1.94 e - 6$	2.0879	$1.94 e - 6$
$M = 1$	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$
$M = 2$	2.0864	$2.01 e - 6$	2.0864	$2.01 e - 6$
$M = 3$	2.0862	$2.04 e - 6$	2.0862	$2.04 e - 6$
Lowest attenuated ( $M = 1$ )	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$	2.0867	$1.98 e - 6$
Thick-Clad	$L = 30 cm$		$L = 15 cm$
Mode Order	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)	$n_{eff}$ (Real)	$κ_{eff}$ (Imaginary)
$M = 0$	2.0879	$1.96 e - 6$	2.0879	$1.96 e - 6$
$M = 1$	2.0861	$3.60 e - 5$	2.0861	$3.61 e - 5$
$M = 2$	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$
$M = 3$	2.0854	$3.45 e - 5$	2.0854	$3.45 e - 5$
Lowest attenuated ( $M = 2$ )	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$	2.0858	$3.40 e - 5$

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Applied Optics