Automatic laser beam characterization of monolithic Nd:YAG nonplanar ring lasers

Patrick Kwee; Benno Willke

doi:10.1364/AO.47.006022

Applied Optics
Vol. 47,
Issue 32,
pp. 6022-6032
(2008)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.47.006022

Automatic laser beam characterization of monolithic Nd:YAG nonplanar ring lasers

Patrick Kwee and Benno Willke

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Patrick Kwee and Benno Willke, "Automatic laser beam characterization of monolithic Nd:YAG nonplanar ring lasers," Appl. Opt. 47, 6022-6032 (2008)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Lasers and Laser Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Lasers, neodymium (140.3530)
- Laser beam characterization (140.3295)
- Resonators (230.5750)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 25, 2008
- Revised Manuscript: October 3, 2008
- Manuscript Accepted: October 6, 2008
- Published: November 5, 2008

Abstract

A detailed beam characterization of continuous-wave single-frequency Nd:YAG solid-state ring lasers at a wavelength of $1064 nm$ is presented. The power noise, frequency noise, beam pointing fluctuations, spatial beam quality, and other properties of eight lasers of the same model were measured with a compact diagnostic instrument based on an optical ring resonator. One of the eight lasers was automatically characterized over a period of 3.5 months to investigate the long-term behavior. The results show that these lasers are highly stable laser sources, that the variations between different samples are rather small, and that these lasers are ideally suited for high precision optical experiments.

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Measurement	Initial	Long-Term
Output power slope	–
Output power	Table 2
Relative output power trend		–
Output power fluctuations, rms $0.6 mHz \dots 1 Hz$	Table 2	Fig. 2
RPN, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$ , with Noise Eater	Fig. 3	Fig. 4
RPN, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$ , w/o Noise Eater	–
RF RPN, $1 MHz \dots 100 MHz$ , with and w/o NE	Fig. 5
Relaxation oscillation frequency	Table 2
Frequency noise, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$	–	Fig. 6
Frequency noise trend at selected frequencies		Fig. 7
Piezo element frequency actuator	Table 2
Temperature frequency actuator	Table 2
Pointing fluctuations, rms $0.6 mHz \dots 1 Hz$	Table 2	Fig. 8
Pointing fluctuations, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$	Fig. 9	–
Beam quality	Table 2, Fig. 10
Beam quality trend		Fig. 11
Relative ellipticity/astigmatism	Table 2
Mode matching trend		Fig. 11

Laser	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	Average and Standard Deviation
Total output power (mW)	2250	2010	2230	2160	2210	2200	2270	2230	$2195 \pm 76$
Output power after FI (mW)	1940	1560	1860	1870	1900	1940	1920	1930	$1865 \pm 119$
Output power fluctuation, relative rms ( $10^{- 6}$ )	875	186	777	252	394	154	428	460	$441 \pm 247$
Relaxation oscillation frequency (kHz)	1230	1210	1210	900	1160	975	1230	1200	$1139 \pm 120$
Piezo frequency actuator calibration ( $MHz / V$ )	1.60	1.26	1.70	1.33	1.26	1.45	1.26	2.00	$1.48 \pm 0.25$
Temperature frequency actuator calibration ( $GHz / K$ )	3.4	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8	3.0	2.5	2.5	$2.8 \pm 0.3$
Temperature frequency actuator bandwidth (mHz)	90	200	142	220	130	150	200	175	$163 \pm 41$
Pointing fluctuation $1 X$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	6.6	6.6	4.0	8.1	4.6	3.6	3.6	6.9	$5.5 \pm 1.6$
Pointing fluctuation $1 Y$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	8.7	9.8	2.8	11.5	2.5	2.8	2.1	9.0	$6.1 \pm 3.7$
Pointing fluctuation $2 X$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	4.1	5.4	1.8	5.4	1.8	1.4	1.9	4.5	$3.3 \pm 1.6$
Pointing fluctuation $2 Y$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	6.2	7.4	1.6	7.9	1.1	1.3	1.8	6.6	$4.2 \pm 2.8$
Beam quality (higher mode content) (%)	2.43	2.37	1.39	4.37	1.37	3.39	2.23	2.28	$2.49 \pm 1.00$
Relative ellipticity/astigmatism	0.065	0.073	0.059	0.151	0.013	0.148	0.072	0.089	$0.084 \pm 0.043$

Measurement	Initial	Long-Term
Output power slope	–
Output power	Table 2
Relative output power trend		–
Output power fluctuations, rms $0.6 mHz \dots 1 Hz$	Table 2	Fig. 2
RPN, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$ , with Noise Eater	Fig. 3	Fig. 4
RPN, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$ , w/o Noise Eater	–
RF RPN, $1 MHz \dots 100 MHz$ , with and w/o NE	Fig. 5
Relaxation oscillation frequency	Table 2
Frequency noise, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$	–	Fig. 6
Frequency noise trend at selected frequencies		Fig. 7
Piezo element frequency actuator	Table 2
Temperature frequency actuator	Table 2
Pointing fluctuations, rms $0.6 mHz \dots 1 Hz$	Table 2	Fig. 8
Pointing fluctuations, $1 Hz \dots 100 kHz$	Fig. 9	–
Beam quality	Table 2, Fig. 10
Beam quality trend		Fig. 11
Relative ellipticity/astigmatism	Table 2
Mode matching trend		Fig. 11

Laser	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	Average and Standard Deviation
Total output power (mW)	2250	2010	2230	2160	2210	2200	2270	2230	$2195 \pm 76$
Output power after FI (mW)	1940	1560	1860	1870	1900	1940	1920	1930	$1865 \pm 119$
Output power fluctuation, relative rms ( $10^{- 6}$ )	875	186	777	252	394	154	428	460	$441 \pm 247$
Relaxation oscillation frequency (kHz)	1230	1210	1210	900	1160	975	1230	1200	$1139 \pm 120$
Piezo frequency actuator calibration ( $MHz / V$ )	1.60	1.26	1.70	1.33	1.26	1.45	1.26	2.00	$1.48 \pm 0.25$
Temperature frequency actuator calibration ( $GHz / K$ )	3.4	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8	3.0	2.5	2.5	$2.8 \pm 0.3$
Temperature frequency actuator bandwidth (mHz)	90	200	142	220	130	150	200	175	$163 \pm 41$
Pointing fluctuation $1 X$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	6.6	6.6	4.0	8.1	4.6	3.6	3.6	6.9	$5.5 \pm 1.6$
Pointing fluctuation $1 Y$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	8.7	9.8	2.8	11.5	2.5	2.8	2.1	9.0	$6.1 \pm 3.7$
Pointing fluctuation $2 X$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	4.1	5.4	1.8	5.4	1.8	1.4	1.9	4.5	$3.3 \pm 1.6$
Pointing fluctuation $2 Y$ , relative rms ( $10^{- 3}$ )	6.2	7.4	1.6	7.9	1.1	1.3	1.8	6.6	$4.2 \pm 2.8$
Beam quality (higher mode content) (%)	2.43	2.37	1.39	4.37	1.37	3.39	2.23	2.28	$2.49 \pm 1.00$
Relative ellipticity/astigmatism	0.065	0.073	0.059	0.151	0.013	0.148	0.072	0.089	$0.084 \pm 0.043$

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