Measurements of the infrared emissivity of a wind-roughened sea surface

Jennifer A. Hanafin; Peter J. Minnett

doi:10.1364/AO.44.000398

Measurements of the infrared emissivity of a wind-roughened sea surface

Jennifer A. Hanafin and Peter J. Minnett

Applied Optics
Vol. 44,
Issue 3,
pp. 398-411
(2005)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.000398

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Jennifer A. Hanafin and Peter J. Minnett, "Measurements of the infrared emissivity of a wind-roughened sea surface," Appl. Opt. 44, 398-411 (2005)

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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Oceanic optics (010.4450)
- Water (010.7340)
- Remote sensing and sensors (120.0280)
- Surface measurements, roughness (120.6660)
- Surface waves (240.6690)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 4, 2004
- Revised Manuscript: August 20, 2004
- Manuscript Accepted: September 21, 2004
- Published: January 20, 2005

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Abstract

Spectral statistical-analysis techniques were developed and applied to high-spectral-resolution infrared measurements of the sea surface. The effective incidence angle of a ship-borne instrument in typical at-sea conditions was found to introduce errors of up to 0.7 K in sea-surface temperature retrievals at a 55° view angle. The sea-surface emissivity was determined over the 8–12-μm window at view angles of 40° and 55° and at wind speeds up to 13 ms⁻¹. The emissivity was found to increase in magnitude with increasing wind speed, rather than decrease, as predicted by widely used parameterizations. Use of these parameterizations can cause significant bias in remote sensing of sea-surface temperature in noncalm conditions.

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	Nauru99 (N = 117)			GasEx 2001 (N = 341)

	Min	Max	Mean	Min	Max	Mean
Air temperature (°C)	26.2	28.2	27.3	23.2	26.7	25.1
Sea-surface temperature (°C)	28.0	29.3	28.5	24.1	27.0	25.4
Wind speed (ms⁻¹)	0.3	8.9	4.1	0.5	15.1	4.7
Air pressure (mbar)	1008	1014	1011	1007	1015	1009
Relative humidity (%)	65	82	72	63	94	87

Angle	Wavelength (μm)	d∊/dθ_ie (%/°)	dBT/d∊(K3%)	dBT/dθ_ie (K/°)
55°	3.6	−0.26	−0.242	0.063
	10.8	−0.13	−0.66	0.087
	12.0	−0.19	−0.731	0.14
40°	3.6	−0.054	−0.237	0.013
	10.8	−0.021	−0.651	0.014
	12.0	−0.026	−0.717	0.019

Campaign	Mean θ_ie	Variance θ_ie	N	Min θ_ie	Max θ_ie
GasEx 01	55.25	0.96	341	52.08	57.55
Nauru99	55.78	0.65	116	51.57	57.98

Wind Speed (m/s)	40° Viewing Angle						55° Viewing Angle

	9 μm			11 μm			9μm			119 μm
	Mean	±	std dev	Mean	±	std dev	Mean	±	std dev	Mean	±	std dev
0–1		–			–		0.96641	±	0.00091	0.97814	±	0.00142
1–2		–			–		0.96687	±	0.00098	0.97923	±	0.00131
2–3		–			–		0.96737	±	0.00096	0.98000	±	0.00117
3–4	0.98288	±	0.00041	0.99084	±	0.00061	0.96846	±	0.00201	0.98073	±	0.00166
4–5	0.98221	±	0.00194	0.99037	±	0.00109	0.96935	±	0.00161	0.98161	±	0.00154
5–6	0.98336	±	0.00090	0.99148	±	0.00100	0.96892	±	0.00169	0.98136	±	0.00133
6–7	0.98346	±	0.00123	0.99121	±	0.00126	0.96902	±	0.00167	0.98131	±	0.00161
7–8	0.98429	±	0.00126	0.99172	±	0.00131	0.96971	±	0.00167	0.98190	±	0.00157
8–9	0.98350	±	0.00164	0.99038	±	0.00150	0.96880	±	0.00131	0.98164	±	0.00144
9–10	0.98523	±	0.00044	0.99236	±	0.00026	0.96990	±	0.00223	0.98186	±	0.00177
10–11	0.98412	±	0.00113	0.99122	±	0.00167	0.97184	±	0.00249	0.98283	±	0.00173
11–12	0.98373	±	2.7E–05	0.99125	±	0.00061	0.97064	±	0.00140	0.98225	±	0.00132
12–13	0.98288	±	0.00053	0.99040	±	0.00115	0.96961	±	0.00048	0.98166	±	0.00067

Incidence Angles	Reflectivity Ratio	Emissivity Ratio
40°/25°	1.34	0.998
55°/40°	2.64	0.990
70°/55°	5.16	0.934

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