Sum-frequency-generation system for differential absorption lidar measurement of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide

Takuya Nayuki; Tetsuo Fukuchi; Nianwen Cao; Hideto Mori; Takashi Fujii; Koshichi Nemoto; Nobuo Takeuchi

doi:10.1364/AO.41.003659

Applied Optics
Vol. 41,
Issue 18,
pp. 3659-3664
(2002)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.003659

Sum-frequency-generation system for differential absorption lidar measurement of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide

Takuya Nayuki, Tetsuo Fukuchi, Nianwen Cao, Hideto Mori, Takashi Fujii, Koshichi Nemoto, and Nobuo Takeuchi

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Takuya Nayuki, Tetsuo Fukuchi, Nianwen Cao, Hideto Mori, Takashi Fujii, Koshichi Nemoto, and Nobuo Takeuchi, "Sum-frequency-generation system for differential absorption lidar measurement of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide," Appl. Opt. 41, 3659-3664 (2002)

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Abstract

A sum-frequency-generation system for differential absorption lidar measurement of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide in the lower troposphere was developed. The system uses a combination of a pair of KD*P crystals and a tunable dye laser with LDS 765 dye pumped by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser to generate λ_on and λ_off alternatively. Compared with the conventional system that uses Coumarin 445 dye pumped by the third harmonic, the output energy and long-term stability were improved. By use of this system, atmospheric NO₂ concentrations of approximately 10–50 ppb were measured, with an instrumental error of approximately 7 ppb.

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Fixed Parameters	Values
Input laser wavelength	λ_1,2 = 1064, 780 nm
Output laser wavelength	λ₃ = 450 nm (ω₃ = 2πc/λ₃)
KD*P crystal length	L = 30 mm
Nonlinear coefficient	d = 4× 10^-13 sin (2× 54.2 deg) m/V
Refractive index at λ_1,2,3	n _1,2,3 = 1.47, 1.50, 1.49
Pulse duration of the dye laser	Δt = 4.5 ns
Beam diameter of the dye laser	2a = 5 mm
Pulse duration of the Nd:YAG fundamental	7 ns
Beam diameter of the Nd:YAG fundamental	10 mm
Polarization ratio of the Nd:YAG fundamental	0.47 $(= \frac{E_{‖} - E_{⊥}}{E_{‖} + E_{⊥}})$
Variable Parameters	Values
Input energy of the dye laser	E ₂ = 0–50 mJ/pulse
Input energy of the residual YAG fundamental	120 or 240 mJ/pulse

Measurement Configuration	Tuning mirrors		SFG (KD*P) crystals
Measurement Configuration	A	B	#1	#2
DIAL1	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_on (773.97 nm)	λ_off	λ_on
DIAL2	λ_on (773.97 nm)	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_on	λ_off
NULL1	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_off	—
NULL2	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_off (770.10 nm)	—	λ_off

System	Nd:YAG Laser Output	Dye-Laser Output	SFG Output	Total Conversion Ratio
SFG system	240 mJ at 1064 nm	—	22 mJ at 450 nm	1.38%
			2.9% (= 22/750)
	750 mJ at second-harmonic generation	47 mJ at 780 nm	—	1.38%
			—
Conventional Coumarin dye-laser system	400 mJ at third-harmonic generation	15 mJ at 450 nm 3.8% (= 15/400)	—	0.94%

Fixed Parameters	Values
Input laser wavelength	λ_1,2 = 1064, 780 nm
Output laser wavelength	λ₃ = 450 nm (ω₃ = 2πc/λ₃)
KD*P crystal length	L = 30 mm
Nonlinear coefficient	d = 4× 10^-13 sin (2× 54.2 deg) m/V
Refractive index at λ_1,2,3	n _1,2,3 = 1.47, 1.50, 1.49
Pulse duration of the dye laser	Δt = 4.5 ns
Beam diameter of the dye laser	2a = 5 mm
Pulse duration of the Nd:YAG fundamental	7 ns
Beam diameter of the Nd:YAG fundamental	10 mm
Polarization ratio of the Nd:YAG fundamental	0.47 $(= \frac{E_{‖} - E_{⊥}}{E_{‖} + E_{⊥}})$
Variable Parameters	Values
Input energy of the dye laser	E ₂ = 0–50 mJ/pulse
Input energy of the residual YAG fundamental	120 or 240 mJ/pulse

Measurement Configuration	Tuning mirrors		SFG (KD*P) crystals
Measurement Configuration	A	B	#1	#2
DIAL1	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_on (773.97 nm)	λ_off	λ_on
DIAL2	λ_on (773.97 nm)	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_on	λ_off
NULL1	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_off	—
NULL2	λ_off (770.10 nm)	λ_off (770.10 nm)	—	λ_off

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Applied Optics