M. J. Cumbo, D. Fairhurst, S. D. Jacobs, and B. E. Puchebner, "Slurry particle size evolution during the polishing of optical glass," Appl. Opt. 34, 3743-3755 (1995)
The particle size distribution of aqueous metal-oxide slurries can evolve during the polishing of optical glass in response to changes in mechanical and chemical process factors. The size-evolution phenomenon and its consequences were systematically studied in a planar continuous-polishing process. The concurrent application of electrokinetic techniques to characterize common optical shop materials has contributed new insight into the nature of silicate glass polishing by demonstrating the pivotal role of fluid chemistry, particularly pH, in maintaining electrokinetically favorable conditions for a well-dispersed polishing agent. According to the proposed slurry-charge-control effect, a well-dispersed polishing agent is the key to obtaining the smoothest possible glass surfaces, especially when a recirculated slurry is used.
Shai N. Shafrir, Henry J. Romanofsky, Michael Skarlinski, Mimi Wang, Chunlin Miao, Sivan Salzman, Taylor Chartier, Joni Mici, John C. Lambropoulos, Rui Shen, Hong Yang, and Stephen D. Jacobs Appl. Opt. 48(35) 6797-6810 (2009)
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Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) of 7940 determined over a temperature range of 5–35 °C.32 a of BK7 and SF6 was determined over a range of −30 to 70 °C.34
Vickers hardness Hυ measured with 0.05 kgf with samples immersed in water.3
Fracture toughnessKc also measured with 0.05 kgf with samples immersed in water.3Kc is undefined here for fused silica because it does not fracture radially under such a low load.
Table 3
Roughness and Subsurface Damage of the Three Glass Types after Being Finely Ground with No. 9 Al2O3 Abrasive
Glass Type
PV Roughness (μm) (Average of Five Sites)
Standard Deviation (μm)
SSD Depth (μm) (Average of Five Sites)
Standard Deviation (μm)
7940
2.2
0.3
8.1
0.6
BK7
2.4
0.5
5.3
0.4
SF6
4.2
0.7
4.0
0.2
Table 4
IEP Values of the Three Polishing Agents in Deionized Water, Aqueous Catechol, and Aqueous Sodium Chloride
The smoothest surfaces are obtained by using combinations of polishing agent and glass type with surface charge of the same sign.
Measured in aqueous NaCl (0.01 M) with electrophoretic light scattering.
Measured in aqueous KCl (0.001 M) with the streaming potential technique.
Relatively large positive charge density.
Relatively small positive charge density.
Slight negative charge density (pH close to the IEP).
Relatively small negative charge density.
Slight positive charge density (pH close to the IEP).
Relatively large negative charge density.
Tables (8)
Table 1
Composition of the Three Glass Types (wt. %)
Glass Type
SiO2
B2O3
Na2O
K2O
BaO
PbO
As2O3
7940
99.9
BK7
68.9
10.1
8.8
8.4
2.8
1.0
SF6
26.9
0.5
1.0
71.3
0.3
Table 2
Some Thermal and Mechanical Properties of the Three Glass Types
Linear thermal expansion coefficient (α) of 7940 determined over a temperature range of 5–35 °C.32 a of BK7 and SF6 was determined over a range of −30 to 70 °C.34
Vickers hardness Hυ measured with 0.05 kgf with samples immersed in water.3
Fracture toughnessKc also measured with 0.05 kgf with samples immersed in water.3Kc is undefined here for fused silica because it does not fracture radially under such a low load.
Table 3
Roughness and Subsurface Damage of the Three Glass Types after Being Finely Ground with No. 9 Al2O3 Abrasive
Glass Type
PV Roughness (μm) (Average of Five Sites)
Standard Deviation (μm)
SSD Depth (μm) (Average of Five Sites)
Standard Deviation (μm)
7940
2.2
0.3
8.1
0.6
BK7
2.4
0.5
5.3
0.4
SF6
4.2
0.7
4.0
0.2
Table 4
IEP Values of the Three Polishing Agents in Deionized Water, Aqueous Catechol, and Aqueous Sodium Chloride
The smoothest surfaces are obtained by using combinations of polishing agent and glass type with surface charge of the same sign.
Measured in aqueous NaCl (0.01 M) with electrophoretic light scattering.
Measured in aqueous KCl (0.001 M) with the streaming potential technique.
Relatively large positive charge density.
Relatively small positive charge density.
Slight negative charge density (pH close to the IEP).
Relatively small negative charge density.
Slight positive charge density (pH close to the IEP).
Relatively large negative charge density.
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