Measurement of optical properties of biological tissues by low-coherence reflectometry

J. M. Schmitt; A. Knüttel; R. F. Bonner

doi:10.1364/AO.32.006032

Measurement of optical properties of biological tissues by low-coherence reflectometry

J. M. Schmitt, A. Knüttel, and R. F. Bonner

Applied Optics
Vol. 32,
Issue 30,
pp. 6032-6042
(1993)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.32.006032

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J. M. Schmitt, A. Knüttel, and R. F. Bonner, "Measurement of optical properties of biological tissues by low-coherence reflectometry," Appl. Opt. 32, 6032-6042 (1993)

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History
- Original Manuscript: June 16, 1992
- Published: October 20, 1993

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Abstract

We show that optical properties of dense biological tissues can be determined from backscattered power curves measured by a low-coherence reflectometer. Our measurement approach is based on a first-order scattering theory that relates the backscattered power to the total and backscattering cross sections of scatterers in a turbid medium. As a validation of the technique, measurements were made with a commercially available reflectometer on suspensions of polystyrene microspheres having known optical properties. With this reflectometer, which employs a 1300-nm LED source that emits less than 20 μW, we found that skin tissues could be probed to a depth of nearly 1 mm. Estimates of optical coefficients of human dermis and of a variety of excised animal tissues are given.

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	μ _t (mm⁻¹)		μ _b (mm⁻¹)		μ _b /μ _t

Sphere Diameter	Predicted	Measured	Predicted	Measured	Predicted	Measured
2.06 μm (g = 0.918)	3.1	3.3	0.067	0.056	0.021	0.017
0.99 μm (g = 0.810)	4.6	4.2	0.14	0.13	0.030	0.031
0.43 μm (g = 0.347)	4.9	4.9	2.4	2.2	0.49	0.45
Mix 1(0.43 μm + 2.06 μm)	4.0	4.5	1.2	1.7	0.30	0.38

Tissue Type/Location	μ _t (mm⁻¹)	μ _b (mm⁻¹)	μ _b /μ _t	Depth (Approx. Range of Fit)
Stratum Corneum
Index finger and thumb
Subject 1 (n = 3)	1.2 ± 0.6	0.056 ± 0.006	0.05	70–150 μm
Subject 2 (n = 2)	1.7 ± 0.6	0.082 ± 0.01	0.05	70–150 μm
Dermis
Forearm
Subject 1 (n = 4)	4.7 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	0.30	200–400 μm
Subject 2 (n = 2)	4.6 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 0.2	0.4	200–400 μm
Finger
Subject 1 (n = 2)	5.0 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.04	0.24	250–500 μm
Subject 2 (n = 1)	3.7	1.3	0.3	250–500 μm
Lip
Subject 1 (n = 3)	2.0 ± 0.4	0.52 ± 0.2	0.2	100–500 μm

Tissue Type	μ _t (mm⁻¹)	μ _b (mm⁻¹)	μ _b /μ _t	Depth (Approx. Range of Fit)
Liver (n = 4)	1.4 ± 0.1	0.39 ± 0.04	0.28	100–1000 μm
Adipose (n = 2)	1.1 ± 0.2	3.5 ± 1.8	3.2	300–1500 μm
Cartilage (n = 2)	0.92 ± 0.1	0.49 ± 0.02	0.5	100–1000 μm
Muscle (n = 1)	—	<0.05	—	100–250 μm

	μ _t (mm⁻¹)		μ _b (mm⁻¹)		μ _b /μ _t

Sphere Diameter	Predicted	Measured	Predicted	Measured	Predicted	Measured
2.06 μm (g = 0.918)	3.1	3.3	0.067	0.056	0.021	0.017
0.99 μm (g = 0.810)	4.6	4.2	0.14	0.13	0.030	0.031
0.43 μm (g = 0.347)	4.9	4.9	2.4	2.2	0.49	0.45
Mix 1(0.43 μm + 2.06 μm)	4.0	4.5	1.2	1.7	0.30	0.38

Tissue Type/Location	μ _t (mm⁻¹)	μ _b (mm⁻¹)	μ _b /μ _t	Depth (Approx. Range of Fit)
Stratum Corneum
Index finger and thumb
Subject 1 (n = 3)	1.2 ± 0.6	0.056 ± 0.006	0.05	70–150 μm
Subject 2 (n = 2)	1.7 ± 0.6	0.082 ± 0.01	0.05	70–150 μm
Dermis
Forearm
Subject 1 (n = 4)	4.7 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	0.30	200–400 μm
Subject 2 (n = 2)	4.6 ± 0.5	2.2 ± 0.2	0.4	200–400 μm
Finger
Subject 1 (n = 2)	5.0 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.04	0.24	250–500 μm
Subject 2 (n = 1)	3.7	1.3	0.3	250–500 μm
Lip
Subject 1 (n = 3)	2.0 ± 0.4	0.52 ± 0.2	0.2	100–500 μm

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