Abstract

The kinetics of Ti diffusion into Y-cut LiNbO₃ was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy techniques were used to study the diffusion process, while end-fire and prism coupling of light at different wavelengths was used for optical characterization. A Gaussian profile was chosen as a solution to the diffusion equation, and the diffusion constant and the activation energy for this profile were found. By comparison of the result of optical measurements with numerical theoretical calculations, we obtained an empirical relation between the initial Ti thickness and the extraordinary refractive-index change.

© 1991 Optical Society of America

Water vapor effects on optical characteristics in Ti:LiNbO₃ channel waveguides

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