Influence of nonuniform ground reflectance on horizontal visibility

J. Gorraiz; H. Horvath

doi:10.1364/AO.22.003684

Applied Optics
Vol. 22,
Issue 23,
pp. 3684-3689
(1983)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.22.003684

Influence of nonuniform ground reflectance on horizontal visibility

J. Gorraiz and H. Horvath

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J. Gorraiz and H. Horvath, "Influence of nonuniform ground reflectance on horizontal visibility," Appl. Opt. 22, 3684-3689 (1983)

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Abstract

One of the assumptions made in calculating the horizontal visibility of black targets is that every volume element of the atmosphere or medium is illuminated by the same amount of light. This assumption has always been interpreted as a homogeneous illumination, without considering the importance of the reflectance properties of the ground extending between observer and horizon along the path of sight. This paper is a theoretical and experimental study of the effect of ground, with varying reflectance properties, on the horizontal visibility. The laboratory simulation shows that, if that part of the ground extending between observer and target has a higher reflectance than the one extending between target and horizon, the visibility may decrease by up to 15%. In the opposite case, the visibility increases.

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Ground	V1	V2	V3	$\overset{̅}{V}$
White	55.41	55.12	55.29	55.27
White	(1.14) ^a	(1.89)	(0.70)	55.27
0–38 black	63.54	58.64	62.14	61.44
38–end white	(1.31)	(1.50)	(1.77)	61.44
0–80 black	58.58	54.51	58.30	57,13
80–end white	(3.46)	(0.88)	(1.67)	57,13
0–38 white	48.02	43.88	47.69	46.53
38–end black	(1.11)	(1.00)	(1.44)	46.53
0–80 white	54.00	50.29	53.06	52,45
80–end black	(1.33)	(1.33)	(1.57)	52,45
Black	55.80	60.18	54.82	53.6
Black	(2.26)	(1.37)	(0.95)	53.6
White	57.11	51.73	55.48	54.77
White	(1.55)	(1.02)	(2.08)	54.77

Ground	White	0–38 black 38–end white	0–80 black 80–end white	0–38 white 38–end black	0–80 white 80–end black	Black	White
B_B	–	25.00	21.71	21.80	20.00	20.22
B_W	60.78	52.33	33.00	48.33	59.00	–	62.67

Ground	V1	V2	V3	$\overset{̅}{V}$
White	55.41	55.12	55.29	55.27
White	(1.14) ^a	(1.89)	(0.70)	55.27
0–38 black	63.54	58.64	62.14	61.44
38–end white	(1.31)	(1.50)	(1.77)	61.44
0–80 black	58.58	54.51	58.30	57,13
80–end white	(3.46)	(0.88)	(1.67)	57,13
0–38 white	48.02	43.88	47.69	46.53
38–end black	(1.11)	(1.00)	(1.44)	46.53
0–80 white	54.00	50.29	53.06	52,45
80–end black	(1.33)	(1.33)	(1.57)	52,45
Black	55.80	60.18	54.82	53.6
Black	(2.26)	(1.37)	(0.95)	53.6
White	57.11	51.73	55.48	54.77
White	(1.55)	(1.02)	(2.08)	54.77

Ground	White	0–38 black 38–end white	0–80 black 80–end white	0–38 white 38–end black	0–80 white 80–end black	Black	White
B_B	–	25.00	21.71	21.80	20.00	20.22
B_W	60.78	52.33	33.00	48.33	59.00	–	62.67

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Applied Optics