The Stressed-Plate Shutter, a New Moderate-Speed Electro-Optical Light Modulator

S. M. Hauser; L. S. Smith; D. G. Marlowe; P. R. Yoder

doi:10.1364/AO.2.001175

Applied Optics
Vol. 2,
Issue 11,
pp. 1175-1179
(1963)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.2.001175

The Stressed-Plate Shutter, a New Moderate-Speed Electro-Optical Light Modulator

S. M. Hauser, L. S. Smith, D. G. Marlowe, and P. R. Yoder

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S. M. Hauser, L. S. Smith, D. G. Marlowe, and P. R. Yoder, "The Stressed-Plate Shutter, a New Moderate-Speed Electro-Optical Light Modulator," Appl. Opt. 2, 1175-1179 (1963)

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Abstract

A new electro-optical shutter system is described which functions by virtue of uniform photoelastic birefringence induced mechanically by piezoelectric means into a glass plate supported between suitably oriented linear polarizers. The basic principles of operation of this stressed-plate shutter are explained in terms of its use as a moderate-speed capping shutter. The suitability of various materials for each of the major mechanical and optical components of the shutter is considered. Design parameters and performance characteristics are given for a working model shutter constructed to demonstrate the system concept. It is shown that, in its present state of development, this type of shutter is capable of closing a 5-cm aperture to an optical density of 3 within 250 μsec of receipt of a triggering electronic signal.

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Glass type	N_D	ν	Young’s modulus Y_g(dynes/cm²)	Thermal expansion coefficient α per °C (0° to 300°C)	Stress-optic constant C(cm²/dyne)	Computed load stress at λ/2 retardation for 1-cm thickness σ(dynes/cm²)	Computed strain at λ/2 retardation for 1-cm thickness ∊ = Δl/l
Borosilicate crown	1.517	64.5	7.96 × 10¹¹	8.0 × 10⁻⁶	2.81 × 10⁻¹³	9.6 × 10⁷	1.2 × 10⁻⁴
					(2.89 × 10⁻¹³)
Light crown	1.523	58.6	7.27 × 10¹¹	9.4 × 10⁻⁶	(2.76 × 10⁻¹³)	9.8 × 10⁷	1.3 × 10⁻⁴
					(2.82 × 10⁻¹³)
Light crown	1.508	61.0	~7 × 10¹¹	5.2 × 10⁻⁶	—	—	~1 × 10⁻⁴
(Hayward C-3)					(3.63 × 10⁻¹³)	(7.1 × 10⁷)
Light flint	1.580	41.0	5.54 × 10¹¹	9.9 × 10⁻⁶	3.18 × 10⁻¹³	8.5 × 10⁷	1.5 × 10⁻⁴
Dense flint	1.720	29.3	5.43 × 10¹¹	7.7 × 10⁻⁶	1.77 × 10⁻¹³	1.52 × 10⁶	2.9 × 10⁻⁴
Pyre×	—	—	6.51 × 10¹¹	3.3 × 10⁻⁸	—	—	1.1 × 10⁻⁴
					(3.88 × 10⁻¹³)	(7.0 × 10⁷)
Fused quartz	1.458	—	7.35 × 10¹¹	5.6 × 10⁻⁷	3.40 × 10⁻¹³	7.9 × 10⁷	1.1 × 10⁻⁴

Material	Young’s modulus Y_c(dynes/cm²)	Thermal expansion coefficient α per °C	Piezoelectric constant $d (\frac{m / m}{V / m})$	Approximate voltage gradient for strain of 10⁻⁴ (V/cm)
Crystalline quartz	7.8 × 10¹¹	1.48 × 10⁻⁵	2.0 × 10⁻¹²	500,000
Tourmaline	2.5 × 10¹⁰	—	1.9 × 10⁻¹²	530,000
Rochelle salt (length expander mode)	2.5 × 10¹⁰	2.80 × 10⁻⁵	2.75 × 10⁻¹⁰	3,600
Barium titanate	1.0 × 10¹²	1.90 × 10⁻⁵	1.90 × 10⁻¹⁰	5,300
Lead-titanate–zirconate (Type 4)	6.7 × 10¹¹	2.20 × 10⁻⁶	2.55 × 10⁻¹⁰	3,900
Lead-titanate–zirconate (Type 5)	5.8 × 10¹¹	2.20 × 10⁻⁶	3.20 × 10⁻¹⁰	3,100

Material	Young’s modulus Y (dynes/cm²)	Thermal expansion coefficient α per °C	Density ρ(g/cm³)
Tungsten carbide (3% cobalt)	6.79 × 10¹²	~4 × 10⁻⁶	15.3
Tungsten	3.50 × 10¹²	4.3 × 10⁻⁶	19.3
Inconel	2.17 × 10¹²	1.1 × 10⁻⁵	8.5
Low carbon steels	2.10 × 10¹²	9.4 to 12.2 × 10⁻⁶	7.9
Stainless steels	2.03 × 10¹²	9.5 to 16.9 × 10⁻⁶	7.9
Fused quartz	7.35 × 10¹¹	5.6 × 10⁻⁷	2.2
Pyrex	6.51 × 10¹¹	3.3 × 10⁻⁸	2.2

Glass type	N_D	ν	Young’s modulus Y_g(dynes/cm²)	Thermal expansion coefficient α per °C (0° to 300°C)	Stress-optic constant C(cm²/dyne)	Computed load stress at λ/2 retardation for 1-cm thickness σ(dynes/cm²)	Computed strain at λ/2 retardation for 1-cm thickness ∊ = Δl/l
Borosilicate crown	1.517	64.5	7.96 × 10¹¹	8.0 × 10⁻⁶	2.81 × 10⁻¹³	9.6 × 10⁷	1.2 × 10⁻⁴
					(2.89 × 10⁻¹³)
Light crown	1.523	58.6	7.27 × 10¹¹	9.4 × 10⁻⁶	(2.76 × 10⁻¹³)	9.8 × 10⁷	1.3 × 10⁻⁴
					(2.82 × 10⁻¹³)
Light crown	1.508	61.0	~7 × 10¹¹	5.2 × 10⁻⁶	—	—	~1 × 10⁻⁴
(Hayward C-3)					(3.63 × 10⁻¹³)	(7.1 × 10⁷)
Light flint	1.580	41.0	5.54 × 10¹¹	9.9 × 10⁻⁶	3.18 × 10⁻¹³	8.5 × 10⁷	1.5 × 10⁻⁴
Dense flint	1.720	29.3	5.43 × 10¹¹	7.7 × 10⁻⁶	1.77 × 10⁻¹³	1.52 × 10⁶	2.9 × 10⁻⁴
Pyre×	—	—	6.51 × 10¹¹	3.3 × 10⁻⁸	—	—	1.1 × 10⁻⁴
					(3.88 × 10⁻¹³)	(7.0 × 10⁷)
Fused quartz	1.458	—	7.35 × 10¹¹	5.6 × 10⁻⁷	3.40 × 10⁻¹³	7.9 × 10⁷	1.1 × 10⁻⁴

Material	Young’s modulus Y_c(dynes/cm²)	Thermal expansion coefficient α per °C	Piezoelectric constant $d (\frac{m / m}{V / m})$	Approximate voltage gradient for strain of 10⁻⁴ (V/cm)
Crystalline quartz	7.8 × 10¹¹	1.48 × 10⁻⁵	2.0 × 10⁻¹²	500,000
Tourmaline	2.5 × 10¹⁰	—	1.9 × 10⁻¹²	530,000
Rochelle salt (length expander mode)	2.5 × 10¹⁰	2.80 × 10⁻⁵	2.75 × 10⁻¹⁰	3,600
Barium titanate	1.0 × 10¹²	1.90 × 10⁻⁵	1.90 × 10⁻¹⁰	5,300
Lead-titanate–zirconate (Type 4)	6.7 × 10¹¹	2.20 × 10⁻⁶	2.55 × 10⁻¹⁰	3,900
Lead-titanate–zirconate (Type 5)	5.8 × 10¹¹	2.20 × 10⁻⁶	3.20 × 10⁻¹⁰	3,100

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Applied Optics