Glasses with a large laser effect: Nd-phosphate and Nd-fluorophosphate

O. Deutschbein; M. Faulstich; W. Jahn; G. Krolla; N. Neuroth

doi:10.1364/AO.17.002228

Applied Optics
Vol. 17,
Issue 14,
pp. 2228-2232
(1978)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.17.002228

Glasses with a large laser effect: Nd-phosphate and Nd-fluorophosphate

O. Deutschbein, M. Faulstich, W. Jahn, G. Krolla, and N. Neuroth

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O. Deutschbein, M. Faulstich, W. Jahn, G. Krolla, and N. Neuroth, "Glasses with a large laser effect: Nd-phosphate and Nd-fluorophosphate," Appl. Opt. 17, 2228-2232 (1978)

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Abstract

Nd-phospate glasses with a great laser effect are described. They have large induced-emission cross sections and low thermal distortion. Those glasses can be used in small and medium laser equipment for processing of materials and for measuring techniques. Addition of fluorine (fluorophosphate glasses) produces a lowering of the nonlinear refractive index. Those glasses are particularly suitable for the final stages of large amplifier chains for nuclear fusion experiments. The nonlinear refractive index can be reduced as low as 0.5 × 10⁻¹³ esu.

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Glass Types	Lifetime with approx. 2 weight % Nd₂O₃ (μsec)	Linewidth FWHM^a (nm)	Induced-emission cross section (10⁻²⁰ cm²)	Lowest n₂ (10^–13 esu)	Damage threshold, 40 nsec, 1060 nm (J/cm²)
Silicate	300–1000	25–35	1.0–3.0	1.4	90
Borosilicate	50–500	30	0.8–1.3	1.2	100
Fluorobosilicate	300	30	1.0–1.7	0.8	90
Phosphate	100–500	20–28	1.8–4.7	1.2	80
Fluorophosphate	350–400	22–31	1.7–3.9	0.45	40
Beryllium fluoride	600–800	18–24	2.4–3.1	0.25

Glass type	Phosphate	Phosphate	Fluorophosphate	Fluorophosphate
Designation	LG 700	LG 710	LG 800	LG 810
Induced-emission cross section σ (10^–20 cm²)	3.7	3.8	2.7	2.7
Fluorescence lifetime τ_fl (μsec) 1/e time
1 wt % Nd₂O₃	290		460	510
2 wt % Nd₂O₃	260	275	380	450
Nonlinear refractive index n₂ (10^–13 esu)	1.1	1.3	0.63	0.50
Figure of merit ref.: ED 2 glass
Laser rod σn/n₂	1.93	1.68	2.36	2.92
Laser disk σn²/n₂	1.84	1.64	2.23	2.66
Window n/n₂	1.42	1.22	2.39	2.94
Damage threshold, 40 nsec, 1060 nm (J/cm²)	80	80	40	20
Temperature coefficient of optical pathlength (10^–6/°C)	+2.3	−0.1	−1.8	−1.4
Thermal expansion (−30…+70°C)(10^–6/°C)	10.5	13.2	13.6	14.6
Stress optical constant at 546 nm $(\frac{nm / cm}{kp / c m^{2}})$	2.1	3.3	0.66	0.91

Glass	0.5	η_rad for different Nd₂O₃ wt (%)					8.0	τ_rad (μsec)
Glass	0.5	1.0	2.0	3.0	5.0	6.0	8.0	τ_rad (μsec)
LG 600		0.85	0.85	0.83	0.74	0.68	0.54	800
LG 700	1.00	0.94	0.85	0.77	0.68	0.61		310
LG 710				0.84	0.76	0.72	0.61	296
LG 800		1.00	0.83	0.63				460
LG 810		1	0.91	0.74	0.38			488

Glass Types	Lifetime with approx. 2 weight % Nd₂O₃ (μsec)	Linewidth FWHM^a (nm)	Induced-emission cross section (10⁻²⁰ cm²)	Lowest n₂ (10^–13 esu)	Damage threshold, 40 nsec, 1060 nm (J/cm²)
Silicate	300–1000	25–35	1.0–3.0	1.4	90
Borosilicate	50–500	30	0.8–1.3	1.2	100
Fluorobosilicate	300	30	1.0–1.7	0.8	90
Phosphate	100–500	20–28	1.8–4.7	1.2	80
Fluorophosphate	350–400	22–31	1.7–3.9	0.45	40
Beryllium fluoride	600–800	18–24	2.4–3.1	0.25

Glass type	Phosphate	Phosphate	Fluorophosphate	Fluorophosphate
Designation	LG 700	LG 710	LG 800	LG 810
Induced-emission cross section σ (10^–20 cm²)	3.7	3.8	2.7	2.7
Fluorescence lifetime τ_fl (μsec) 1/e time
1 wt % Nd₂O₃	290		460	510
2 wt % Nd₂O₃	260	275	380	450
Nonlinear refractive index n₂ (10^–13 esu)	1.1	1.3	0.63	0.50
Figure of merit ref.: ED 2 glass
Laser rod σn/n₂	1.93	1.68	2.36	2.92
Laser disk σn²/n₂	1.84	1.64	2.23	2.66
Window n/n₂	1.42	1.22	2.39	2.94
Damage threshold, 40 nsec, 1060 nm (J/cm²)	80	80	40	20
Temperature coefficient of optical pathlength (10^–6/°C)	+2.3	−0.1	−1.8	−1.4
Thermal expansion (−30…+70°C)(10^–6/°C)	10.5	13.2	13.6	14.6
Stress optical constant at 546 nm $(\frac{nm / cm}{kp / c m^{2}})$	2.1	3.3	0.66	0.91

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Applied Optics