Passive Cryogenic Cooling of Electrooptics with a Heat Pipe/Radiator

Burke E. Nelson; Gerald A. Goldstein

doi:10.1364/AO.13.002109

Applied Optics
Vol. 13,
Issue 9,
pp. 2109-2111
(1974)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.13.002109

Passive Cryogenic Cooling of Electrooptics with a Heat Pipe/Radiator

Burke E. Nelson and Gerald A. Goldstein

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Burke E. Nelson and Gerald A. Goldstein, "Passive Cryogenic Cooling of Electrooptics with a Heat Pipe/Radiator," Appl. Opt. 13, 2109-2111 (1974)

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Abstract

The current status of the heat pipe is discussed with particular emphasis on applications to cryogenic thermal control. The competitive nature of the passive heat pipe/radiator system is demonstrated through a comparative study with other candidate systems for a 1-yr mission. The mission involves cooling a spaceborne experiment to 100 K while it dissipates 10 W.

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Cooling System	Comment
Closed cycle mechanical refrigerator	capable of cooling down to 4°K
	capacities range from milliwatts to over 100 W
	requires power supply plus energy rejection technique
	possible introduction of noise or vibration levels
	active system relatively complex, decreased reliability
	maximum existing maintenance interval approximately six months
Thermoelectric refrigerator	long life
	requires power supply plus energy rejection technique
	below 200°K, cooling capacities are generally less than 1 W
	current state of art incapable of achieving 100°K
Solid cryogen cooler	relatively high system weight—increases with mission duration and heat load
	requires efficient isolation from spacecraft parasitic heat loads
Heat pipe/radiator	passive operation, long life
	constrained by mission profile—sensitive to environmental heat loads (solar, albedo, earthshine); may require shielding apparatus
	decreased cooling capacity with lowered temperatures
	high heat pipe pressures at ambient temperatures
	thermal stability may require augmentation (bucking heater or variable conductance heat pipe)

System	Component	Weight (kg)	Comment
Closed cycle mechanical refrigerator	refrigerator	6.8	0.68 kg/W11,14
	solar array power source^a	15.5	22 W/kg14
	300°K radiator	5.5	0.93 m² radiator, 4.09 kg/m²
			1.5-m heat pipe isothermalizer,
			1.12 kg/m
	circulation motor and pump	1.4	See Ref. 14
	TOTAL	29.2
Solid cryogen cooler	cryogen	596	methane coolant
	vacuum jacket	18	See Ref. 14
	tank supports	14	See Ref. 14
	TOTAL	628
Heat pipe/radiator	heat pipe link to experiment	3.4	3-m heat pipe, 1.12 kg/m²
			5.2-m² radiator, 4.09 kg/m
	100 K radiator	32.4	5.2 m² of backface super insulation, 0.25 kg/m²
			8.8-m heat pipe isothermalizer, 1.12 kg/m
	TOTAL	35.8

Cooling System	Comment
Closed cycle mechanical refrigerator	capable of cooling down to 4°K
	capacities range from milliwatts to over 100 W
	requires power supply plus energy rejection technique
	possible introduction of noise or vibration levels
	active system relatively complex, decreased reliability
	maximum existing maintenance interval approximately six months
Thermoelectric refrigerator	long life
	requires power supply plus energy rejection technique
	below 200°K, cooling capacities are generally less than 1 W
	current state of art incapable of achieving 100°K
Solid cryogen cooler	relatively high system weight—increases with mission duration and heat load
	requires efficient isolation from spacecraft parasitic heat loads
Heat pipe/radiator	passive operation, long life
	constrained by mission profile—sensitive to environmental heat loads (solar, albedo, earthshine); may require shielding apparatus
	decreased cooling capacity with lowered temperatures
	high heat pipe pressures at ambient temperatures
	thermal stability may require augmentation (bucking heater or variable conductance heat pipe)

System	Component	Weight (kg)	Comment
Closed cycle mechanical refrigerator	refrigerator	6.8	0.68 kg/W11,14
	solar array power source^a	15.5	22 W/kg14
	300°K radiator	5.5	0.93 m² radiator, 4.09 kg/m²
			1.5-m heat pipe isothermalizer,
			1.12 kg/m
	circulation motor and pump	1.4	See Ref. 14
	TOTAL	29.2
Solid cryogen cooler	cryogen	596	methane coolant
	vacuum jacket	18	See Ref. 14
	tank supports	14	See Ref. 14
	TOTAL	628
Heat pipe/radiator	heat pipe link to experiment	3.4	3-m heat pipe, 1.12 kg/m²
			5.2-m² radiator, 4.09 kg/m
	100 K radiator	32.4	5.2 m² of backface super insulation, 0.25 kg/m²
			8.8-m heat pipe isothermalizer, 1.12 kg/m
	TOTAL	35.8

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Applied Optics