In a statistical study of the variability of instrumental color-measurement data, two instruments (a Kollmorgen KCS-40 colorimeter-abridged spectrophotometer and a General Electric Recording Spectrophotometer equipped with a Davidson and Hemmendinger digital tristimulus integrator) provided three modes of measurement. Ten samples were measured 48 times in each mode. Frequency distributions were constructed for several colorimetric quantities, including tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, and color differences from the mean. To allow study of the error involved in the measurement of color-difference pairs, three such pairs were included in the ten samples. The beneficial effects of averaging were quantified.
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Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
2.42
0.00
0.21
0.02
2.38
0.00
0.21
0.02
3.64
0.01
0.19
0.03
2
1.91
0.01
0.31
0.03
1.86
0.00
0.27
0.02
3.06
0.01
0.29
0.03
3
27.26
0.04
0.14
0.19
27.34
0.03
0.10
0.13
21.54
0.03
0.13
0.15
4
27.52
0.04
0.13
0.18
27.62
0.02
0.08
0.13
20.52
0.03
0.13
0.11
5
3.97
0.00
0.12
0.02
3.61
0.00
0.14
0.02
9.90
0.01
0.09
0.04
6
4.20
0.00
0.12
0.01
3.84
0.00
0.13
0.02
10.38
0.01
0.06
0.03
7
6.90
0.01
0.20
0.05
4.49
0.01
0.24
0.05
2.99
0.01
0.27
0.04
8
59.60
0.05
0.08
0.21
63.42
0.06
0.09
0.26
12.38
0.02
0.19
0.12
9
23.42
0.05
0.22
0.19
31.56
0.06
0.18
0.18
42.64
0.07
0.16
0.24
10
34.36
0.11
0.33
0.46
42.96
0.16
0.36
0.61
35.51
0.13
0.37
0.49
Table III
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
2.21
0.01
0.54
0.05
2.17
0.01
0.55
0.05
3.42
0.02
0.47
0.07
2
1.76
0.01
0.62
0.04
1.71
0.01
0.64
0.04
2.91
0.02
0.62
0.08
3
23.34
0.03
0.11
0.13
26.24
0.03
0.12
0.14
20.36
0.03
0.17
0.15
4
26.66
0.03
0.10
0.12
26.56
0.03
0.10
0.12
19.44
0.04
0.20
0.22
5
3.76
0.01
0.37
0.05
3.49
0.01
0.40
0.05
9.65
0.03
0.31
0.14
6
3.99
0.01
0.30
0.05
3.71
0.01
0.38
0.06
10.12
0.03
0.27
0.13
7
6.71
0.02
0.34
0.10
4.29
0.02
0.40
0.07
2.90
0.02
0.76
0.11
8
58.86
0.08
0.13
0.41
61.32
0.09
0.15
0.56
11.21
0.05
0.45
0.25
9
22.59
0.04
0.20
0.17
30.91
0.07
0.21
0.26
40.70
0.06
0.15
0.24
10
33.16
0.05
0.15
0.23
41.31
0.08
0.19
0.39
34.28
0.08
0.22
0.36
Table IV
Tristimulus-Value Distributions—Percentage of Points Within Plus and Minus One Standard Deviation
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
1
72.9
95.8
100.0
70.8
47.9
100.0
75.0
77.1
87.5
2
95.8
97.9
89.6
97.9
43.8
93.8
79.2
83.3
89.6
3
68.8
62.5
58.3
75.0
87.5
79.2
75.0
72.9
75.0
2
62.5
70.8
54.1
91.7
81.2
89.6
83.3
81.2
79.2
5
56.2
87.5
97.9
75.0
75.0
89.6
72.9
70.8
81.2
6
87.5
60.4
100.0
62.5
72.9
95.8
77.1
77.1
83.3
7
91.7
77.1
89.6
68.8
87.5
91.7
70.8
89.6
79.2
8
68.8
70.8
81.2
70.8
83.3
79.2
83.3
81.2
81.2
9
72.9
70.8
66.7
68.8
68.8
70.8
66.7
70.8
70.8
10
72.9
75.0
68.8
70.8
68.8
70.8
75.0
75.0
75.0
Ave.
75.0
76.9
81.0
75.2
71.7
86.0
75.8
77.9
80.2
Table V
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement
x
y
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
0.2854
0.0003
0.10
0.0010
0.2812
0.0004
0.14
0.0011
2
0.2781
0.0004
0.16
0.0020
0.2713
0.0004
0.15
0.0015
3
0.3595
0.0008
0.22
0.0018
0.3585
0.0012
0.34
0.0027
4
0.3655
0.0009
0.24
0.0019
0.3645
0.0013
0.35
0.0028
5
0.2247
0.0002
0.07
0.0006
0.2101
0.0002
0.08
0.0005
6
0.2258
0.0002
0.07
0.0005
0.2121
0.0002
0.07
0.0005
7
0.4749
0.0004
0.08
0.0018
0.3088
0.0002
0.06
0.0006
8
0.4472
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
0.4650
0.0000
0.01
0.0003
9
0.2418
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
0.3293
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
10
0.3054
0.0002
0.05
0.0007
0.3788
0.0001
0.03
0.0005
Table VI
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement
x
y
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
0.2871
0.0004
0.12
0.0013
0.2816
0.0003
0.12
0.0012
2
0.2801
0.0004
0.14
0.0015
0.2716
0.0004
0.14
0.0018
3
0.3580
0.0002
0.06
0.0010
0.3591
0.0002
0.04
0.0007
4
0.3637
0.0002
0.06
0.0009
0.3651
0.0002
0.05
0.0009
5
0.2272
0.0002
0.08
0.0009
0.2065
0.0002
0.08
0.0007
6
0.2282
0.0002
0.07
0.0006
0.2085
0.0002
0.09
0.0008
7
0.4798
0.0004
0.07
0.0014
0.3124
0.0002
0.08
0.0010
8
0.4402
0.0001
0.03
0.0006
0.4684
0.0001
0.02
0.0004
9
0.2399
0.0002
0.09
0.0008
0.3232
0.0002
0.05
0.0008
10
0.3046
0.0002
0.06
0.0007
0.3807
0.0002
0.04
0.0007
Table VII
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement
x
y
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
0.2833
0.0005
0.19
0.0029
0.2786
0.0006
0.22
0.0031
2
0.2759
0.0007
0.25
0.0037
0.2684
0.0006
0.24
0.0026
3
0.3611
0.0001
0.03
0.0006
0.3597
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
4
0.3669
0.0002
0.05
0.0009
0.3655
0.0001
0.04
0.0008
5
0.2225
0.0004
0.17
0.0017
0.2065
0.0004
0.17
0.0016
6
0.2238
0.0002
0.11
0.0016
0.2084
0.0004
0.18
0.0021
7
0.4824
0.0009
0.18
0.0042
0.3089
0.0005
0.17
0.0028
8
0.4480
0.0002
0.05
0.0011
0.4667
0.0001
0.02
0.0006
9
0.2398
0.0002
0.08
0.0008
0.3282
0.0004
0.12
0.0018
10
0.3049
0.0002
0.06
0.0010
0.3799
0.0002
0.05
0.0010
Table VIII
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions—Percentage of Points Within Plus and Minus One Standard Deviation
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
x
y
x
y
x
y
1
85.4
60.4
83.3
54.1
75.0
72.9
2
66.7
83.3
72.9
79.2
81.2
62.5
3
66.7
62.5
75.0
93.8
79.2
77.1
4
62.5
58.3
85.4
89.6
85.4
77.1
5
81.2
95.8
83.3
81.2
70.8
75.0
6
97.9
97.9
97.9
72.9
85.4
89.6
7
85.4
75.0
85.4
62.5
64.6
87.5
8
93.8
72.9
75.0
91.7
81.2
91.7
9
87.5
85.4
81.2
85.4
83.3
81.2
10
91.7
81.2
85.4
89.6
81.2
91.7
Ave.
81.9
77.3
82.5
80.0
78.7
80.6
Table IX
Distributions of Color Differences from the Mean
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
Mean
σ
Max. diff.
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
Max. diff.
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
Max. diff.
Within ±1 σ
1
0.26
0.04
0.36
85.4
0.27
0.11
0.72
77.1
0.39
0.24
1.40
75.0
2
0.32
0.14
0.66
75.0
0.25
0.18
0.68
79.2
0.41
0.25
1.23
75.0
3
0.63
0.12
0.81
58.3
0.26
0.16
0.66
66.7
0.12
0.06
0.31
66.7
4
0.70
0.10
0.86
58.3
0.25
0.15
0.66
66.7
0.14
0.09
0.48
77.1
5
0.16
0.06
0.31
79.2
0.15
0.11
0.44
83.3
0.24
0.24
1.65
93.8
6
0.15
0.05
0.26
68.8
0.14
0.08
0.33
77.1
0.19
0.10
0.55
79.2
7
0.17
0.12
0.67
79.2
0.20
0.13
0.52
75.0
0.34
0.20
0.93
70.8
8
0.11
0.06
0.28
72.9
0.17
0.09
0.38
72.9
0.20
0.14
0.74
83.3
9
0.13
0.07
0.32
79.2
0.26
0.11
0.62
77.1
0.26
0.16
0.78
79.2
10
0.25
0.18
0.92
75.0
0.33
0.17
0.72
68.8
0.20
0.13
0.61
75.0
Ave.
0.29
—
0.54
73.1
0.23
—
0.57
74.4
0.25
—
0.87
77.5
Table X
Color-Difference Pair Distributions
Pair
Mode
ΔE from means
Dist. mean
σ
ζ
Range
Withn ±1 σ
1–2
KCS-40A
5.78
5.80
0.10
1.74
0.59
75.0
3–4
KCS-40A
4.50
4.62
0.84
18.05
2.55
47.9
5–6
KCS-40A
1.79
1.82
0.05
2.58
0.19
83.3
1–2
KCS-40C
5.76
5.77
0.07
1.24
0.33
75.0
3–4
KCS-40C
4.37
4.38
0.26
5.97
1.11
75.0
5–6
KCS-40C
1.78
1.80
0.07
3.73
0.29
79.2
1–2
GERS
5.54
5.57
0.14
2.57
0.76
77.1
3–4
GERS
4.44
4.43
0.10
2.37
0.49
77.1
5–6
GERS
1.80
1.82
0.11
6.20
0.57
72.9
Table XI
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
X
Y
Z
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.00
0.12
0.02
81.2
0.00
0.16
0.01
68.8
0.00
0.14
0.02
75.0
2
0.00
0.26
0.02
62.5
0.00
0.27
0.02
50.0
0.01
0.29
0.03
93.8
3
0.03
0.12
0.11
68.8
0.02
0.08
0.07
62.5
0.13
0.62
0.49
62.5
4
0.03
0.10
0.08
87.5
0.02
0.06
0.06
93.8
0.15
0.74
0.49
68.8
5
0.00
0.10
0.01
56.2
0.00
0.08
0.02
87.5
0.01
0.07
0.02
100.0
6
0.00
0.07
0.02
87.5
0.00
0.10
0.01
62.5
0.01
0.06
0.02
100.0
7
0.02
0.25
0.06
93.8
0.01
0.23
0.04
87.5
0.01
0.23
0.03
93.8
8
0.04
0.07
0.13
68.8
0.05
0.08
0.17
62.5
0.01
0.12
0.06
68.8
9
0.03
0.13
0.10
68.8
0.04
0.12
0.12
75.0
0.04
0.11
0.12
50.0
10
0.06
0.18
0.22
68.8
0.10
0.23
0.34
68.8
0.08
0.23
0.28
68.8
Table XII
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
X
Y
Z
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.00
0.21
0.02
75.0
0.00
0.21
0.01
56.2
0.00
0.14
0.02
56.2
2
0.00
0.21
0.01
68.8
0.00
0.22
0.01
44.8
0.01
0.26
0.03
93.8
3
0.03
0.11
0.09
75.0
0.02
0.08
0.07
81.2
0.02
0.10
0.09
87.5
4
0.02
0.09
0.10
87.5
0.02
0.06
0.06
93.8
0.02
0.09
0.06
81.2
5
0.00
0.08
0.01
87.5
0.00
0.08
0.01
87.5
0.01
0.07
0.02
100.0
6
0.00
0.10
0.01
62.5
0.00
0.10
0.02
68.8
0.00
0.05
0.01
62.5
7
0.01
0.19
0.04
75.0
0.01
0.20
0.03
93.8
0.01
0.23
0.02
100.0
8
0.04
0.06
0.10
81.2
0.04
0.07
0.13
68.8
0.02
0.14
0.07
75.0
9
0.04
0.17
0.15
75.0
0.05
0.15
0.17
81.2
0.06
0.14
0.20
68.8
10
0.11
0.31
0.37
81.2
0.15
0.34
0.51
75.0
0.12
0.34
0.40
68.8
Table XIII
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
X
Y
Z
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.01
0.45
0.04
87.5
0.01
0.41
0.04
87.5
0.01
0.38
0.05
75.0
2
0.01
0.57
0.04
75.0
0.01
0.52
0.03
87.5
0.02
0.55
0.06
93.8
3
0.02
0.09
0.08
75.0
0.03
0.10
0.10
75.0
0.03
0.15
0.11
81.2
4
0.02
0.08
0.07
68.8
0.02
0.08
0.07
68.8
0.04
0.18
0.14
81.2
5
0.01
0.32
0.05
75.0
0.01
0.32
0.04
81.2
0.02
0.26
0.09
68.8
6
0.01
0.25
0.03
93.8
0.01
0.32
0.04
81.2
0.02
0.22
0.08
75.0
7
0.02
0.30
0.07
81.2
0.01
0.33
0.05
68.8
0.02
0.65
0.07
81.2
8
0.06
0.10
0.22
75.0
0.07
0.11
0.29
81.2
0.04
0.37
0.16
75.0
9
0.04
0.15
0.12
81.2
0.04
0.14
0.13
62.5
0.05
0.12
0.17
62.5
10
0.04
0.12
0.16
68.8
0.06
0.15
0.27
68.8
0.06
0.17
0.22
75.0
Table XIV
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
x
y
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.0002
0.06
0.0006
87.5
0.0002
0.08
0.0008
68.8
2
0.0003
0.11
0.0009
81.2
0.0002
0.09
0.0009
75.0
3
0.0004
0.12
0.0016
75.0
0.0007
0.19
0.0024
75.0
4
0.0006
0.15
0.0018
68.8
0.0008
0.22
0.0026
68.8
5
0.0001
0.05
0.0004
75.0
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
87.5
6
0.0001
0.04
0.0003
81.2
0.0001
0.05
0.0003
93.8
7
0.0002
0.05
0.0007
68.8
0.0001
0.04
0.0003
75.0
8
0.0000
0.01
0.0002
56.2
0.0000
0.01
0.0002
87.5
9
0.0000
0.02
0.0002
68.8
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
93.8
10
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
87.5
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
93.8
Table XV
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
x
y
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.0003
0.09
0.0009
75.0
0.0002
0.08
0.0007
75.0
2
0.0003
0.10
0.0011
87.5
0.0002
0.08
0.0010
68.8
3
0.0002
0.04
0.0005
87.5
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
87.5
4
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
68.8
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
75.0
5
0.0001
0.05
0.0005
75.0
0.0001
0.05
0.0004
81.2
6
0.0001
0.05
0.0005
81.2
0.0001
0.06
0.0003
81.2
7
0.0003
0.06
0.0010
81.2
0.0002
0.06
0.0007
75.0
8
0.0001
0.02
0.0004
81.2
0.0001
0.01
0.0002
100.0
9
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
75.0
0.0001
0.04
0.0005
68.8
10
0.0001
0.04
0.0005
75.0
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
62.5
Table XVI
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
x
y
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.0004
0.12
0.0015
81.2
0.0002
0.08
0.0009
75.0
2
0.0004
0.14
0.0011
68.8
0.0004
0.15
0.0015
68.8
3
0.0001
0.02
0.0004
87.5
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
93.8
4
0.0002
0.04
0.0005
87.5
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
87.5
5
0.0002
0.10
0.0008
75.0
0.0002
0.10
0.0007
75.0
6
0.0002
0.07
0.0006
87.5
0.0003
0.14
0.0012
81.2
7
0.0007
0.14
0.0028
75.0
0.0004
0.14
0.0017
93.8
8
0.0002
0.04
0.0006
93.8
0.0001
0.01
0.0003
93.8
9
0.0001
0.05
0.0005
75.0
0.0002
0.07
0.0008
75.0
10
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
75.0
0.0001
0.03
0.0003
93.8
Table XVII
Tristimulus-Value and Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions—Percentage Reductions of Standard Deviations and Ranges for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
x
y
Sample
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
1
40.0
0.0
33.3
50.0
16.7
0.0
42.8
40.0
36.8
27.3
2
37.5
60.0
37.5
60.0
30.8
66.7
31.1
55.0
41.5
40.0
3
42.1
47.6
35.3
50.0
43.8
16.9
43.6
11.1
43.0
11.1
4
40.0
52.9
36.0
53.8
37.8
12.5
37.1
5.3
36.7
7.1
5
20.0
0.0
25.0
0.0
12.5
33.3
25.0
33.3
50.0
20.0
6
25.0
0.0
20.0
50.0
25.0
33.3
40.0
40.0
33.3
40.0
7
22.7
53.8
23.1
50.0
22.2
40.0
38.9
61.1
33.3
50.0
8
19.6
38.1
21.5
37.0
26.3
25.0
37.5
33.3
20.0
33.3
9
24.4
47.4
25.5
47.8
22.4
47.8
44.4
50.0
20.0
25.0
10
26.7
43.5
26.7
46.0
27.0
46.1
33.3
42.8
27.2
40.0
Ave.
29.8
34.3
28.4
44.5
26.4
32.2
37.4
37.2
34.2
29.4
Table XVIII
Tristimulus-Value and Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions-Percentage Reductions of Standard Deviations and Ranges for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
x
y
Sample
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
1
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
28.6
33.3
22.9
30.8
27.3
41.7
2
33.3
66.7
20.0
50.0
11.1
0.0
28.2
26.7
39.5
44.4
3
21.0
52.6
19.2
46.2
25.0
40.0
30.4
50.0
43.8
57.1
4
25.7
44.4
30.4
53.8
30.8
45.4
45.4
55.6
33.3
55.6
5
40.0
50.0
40.0
50.0
22.2
50.0
36.8
44.4
41.2
42.8
6
20.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
16.7
66.7
25.0
16.7
31.6
62.5
7
7.1
20.0
18.2
40.0
12.5
50.0
20.0
28.6
24.0
30.0
8
24.0
52.4
22.8
50.0
25.0
41.7
23.1
33.3
40.0
50.0
9
23.1
21.0
14.3
5.6
13.4
16.7
47.6
50.0
18.8
37.5
10
6.2
19.6
6.4
16.4
7.7
18.4
17.6
28.6
13.3
42.8
Ave.
20.0
32.7
19.1
36.2
19.3
36.2
29.7
36.5
31.3
46.4
Table XIX
Tristimulus-Value and Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions—Percentage Reductions of Standard Deviations and Ranges for the GERS Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
x
y
Sample
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
1
16.7
20.0
25.0
20.0
18.8
28.6
33.3
48.3
62.3
71.0
2
9.1
0.0
18.2
25.0
11.1
25.0
44.9
70.3
37.5
42.3
3
17.2
38.5
18.8
28.6
11.7
26.7
25.0
33.3
27.3
25.0
4
15.4
41.7
21.4
41.7
10.0
36.4
11.8
44.4
21.4
50.0
5
14.3
0.0
21.4
20.0
16.7
35.7
40.5
52.9
41.6
56.2
6
16.7
40.0
14.3
33.3
18.5
38.5
36.0
62.5
18.9
42.8
7
13.1
30.0
17.6
28.6
13.6
36.4
22.4
33.3
17.3
64.7
8
25.0
46.3
25.5
48.2
16.0
36.0
14.3
45.4
30.0
50.0
9
22.2
29.4
36.3
50.0
22.4
29.2
35.0
37.5
39.4
55.6
10
18.0
30.4
18.2
44.4
23.6
38.9
35.3
60.0
33.3
70.0
Ave.
16.8
27.6
21.7
34.0
16.2
33.1
29.8
48.8
32.9
52.8
Table XX
Color-Difference Pair Distributions
Pair
Mode
Mean
σ
ζ
% red. in σ
Range
% red. in range
Within ±1 σ
1–2
KCS-40A
5.80
0.06
1.00
42.6
0.22
62.7
81.2
3–4
KCS-40A
4.61
0.52
11.27
37.7
1.97
22.7
75.0
5–6
KCS-40A
1.81
0.03
1.66
36.2
0.09
52.6
75.0
1–2
KCS-40C
5.76
0.04
0.78
37.5
0.18
45.4
81.2
3–4
KCS-40C
4.37
0.18
4.22
29.4
0.62
44.1
56.2
5–6
KCS-40C
1.78
0.04
2.29
38.8
0.13
55.2
75.0
1–2
GERS
5.55
0.08
1.51
41.2
0.36
52.6
75.0
3–4
GERS
4.43
0.07
1.56
34.3
0.29
40.8
75.0
5–6
GERS
1.80
0.08
4.39
30.1
0.24
57.9
62.5
Table XXI
Distributions of Color Differences from the Mean Based on Averaged Data
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
ζ
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
ζ
Within ±1 σ
1
0.14
0.08
0.29
68.8
0.20
0.12
0.38
56.2
0.21
0.13
0.53
75.0
2
0.21
0.10
0.40
68.8
0.17
0.13
0.60
87.5
0.24
0.09
0.36
75.0
3
0.30
0.20
0.76
68.8
0.17
0.11
0.32
68.8
0.09
0.04
0.21
81.2
4
0.39
0.20
0.81
56.2
0.15
0.08
0.30
81.2
0.11
0.07
0.29
81.2
5
0.10
0.06
0.22
68.8
0.09
0.08
0.33
93.8
0.16
0.11
0.47
75.0
6
0.08
0.05
0.20
75.0
0.10
0.06
0.28
81.2
0.14
0.05
0.25
75.0
7
0.12
0.06
0.23
68.8
0.15
0.10
0.35
75.0
0.25
0.14
0.54
62.5
8
0.08
0.04
0.14
50.0
0.12
0.07
0.24
81.2
0.17
0.10
0.42
81.2
9
0.09
0.04
0.16
81.2
0.15
0.07
0.29
68.8
0.17
0.08
0.38
75.0
10
0.18
0.12
0.42
62.5
0.29
0.14
0.52
62.5
0.15
0.08
0.33
81.2
Ave.
0.17
—
0.36
66.9
0.16
—
0.36
75.6
0.17
—
0.38
76.2
Table XXII
Distributions of Color Differences from the Mean—Percentage Reduction in Distribution Mean and the Difference Between the Maximum Color Difference Based on the Original Measurement and That Based on Averaged Data
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
% red. in mean
Diff.
% red. in mean
Diff.
% red. in mean
Diff.
1
45.4
0.07
25.6
0.34
45.7
0.93
2
34.8
0.26
29.3
0.08
40.1
0.87
3
52.5
0.05
33.7
0.34
22.5
0.10
4
44.6
0.05
39.8
0.36
17.4
0.19
5
36.1
0.09
40.4
0.11
32.9
1.18
6
45.4
0.06
30.8
0.05
30.4
0.30
7
30.5
0.44
22.6
0.17
27.3
0.39
8
25.0
0.14
30.2
0.14
17.4
0.32
9
31.5
0.16
41.0
0.33
34.5
0.40
10
27.8
0.52
11.2
0.20
23.8
0.28
Ave.
37.4
0.18
30.5
0.21
29.2
0.50
Tables (22)
Table I
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-4DA Mode of Measurement
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
2.42
0.00
0.21
0.02
2.38
0.00
0.21
0.02
3.64
0.01
0.19
0.03
2
1.91
0.01
0.31
0.03
1.86
0.00
0.27
0.02
3.06
0.01
0.29
0.03
3
27.26
0.04
0.14
0.19
27.34
0.03
0.10
0.13
21.54
0.03
0.13
0.15
4
27.52
0.04
0.13
0.18
27.62
0.02
0.08
0.13
20.52
0.03
0.13
0.11
5
3.97
0.00
0.12
0.02
3.61
0.00
0.14
0.02
9.90
0.01
0.09
0.04
6
4.20
0.00
0.12
0.01
3.84
0.00
0.13
0.02
10.38
0.01
0.06
0.03
7
6.90
0.01
0.20
0.05
4.49
0.01
0.24
0.05
2.99
0.01
0.27
0.04
8
59.60
0.05
0.08
0.21
63.42
0.06
0.09
0.26
12.38
0.02
0.19
0.12
9
23.42
0.05
0.22
0.19
31.56
0.06
0.18
0.18
42.64
0.07
0.16
0.24
10
34.36
0.11
0.33
0.46
42.96
0.16
0.36
0.61
35.51
0.13
0.37
0.49
Table III
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
2.21
0.01
0.54
0.05
2.17
0.01
0.55
0.05
3.42
0.02
0.47
0.07
2
1.76
0.01
0.62
0.04
1.71
0.01
0.64
0.04
2.91
0.02
0.62
0.08
3
23.34
0.03
0.11
0.13
26.24
0.03
0.12
0.14
20.36
0.03
0.17
0.15
4
26.66
0.03
0.10
0.12
26.56
0.03
0.10
0.12
19.44
0.04
0.20
0.22
5
3.76
0.01
0.37
0.05
3.49
0.01
0.40
0.05
9.65
0.03
0.31
0.14
6
3.99
0.01
0.30
0.05
3.71
0.01
0.38
0.06
10.12
0.03
0.27
0.13
7
6.71
0.02
0.34
0.10
4.29
0.02
0.40
0.07
2.90
0.02
0.76
0.11
8
58.86
0.08
0.13
0.41
61.32
0.09
0.15
0.56
11.21
0.05
0.45
0.25
9
22.59
0.04
0.20
0.17
30.91
0.07
0.21
0.26
40.70
0.06
0.15
0.24
10
33.16
0.05
0.15
0.23
41.31
0.08
0.19
0.39
34.28
0.08
0.22
0.36
Table IV
Tristimulus-Value Distributions—Percentage of Points Within Plus and Minus One Standard Deviation
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
1
72.9
95.8
100.0
70.8
47.9
100.0
75.0
77.1
87.5
2
95.8
97.9
89.6
97.9
43.8
93.8
79.2
83.3
89.6
3
68.8
62.5
58.3
75.0
87.5
79.2
75.0
72.9
75.0
2
62.5
70.8
54.1
91.7
81.2
89.6
83.3
81.2
79.2
5
56.2
87.5
97.9
75.0
75.0
89.6
72.9
70.8
81.2
6
87.5
60.4
100.0
62.5
72.9
95.8
77.1
77.1
83.3
7
91.7
77.1
89.6
68.8
87.5
91.7
70.8
89.6
79.2
8
68.8
70.8
81.2
70.8
83.3
79.2
83.3
81.2
81.2
9
72.9
70.8
66.7
68.8
68.8
70.8
66.7
70.8
70.8
10
72.9
75.0
68.8
70.8
68.8
70.8
75.0
75.0
75.0
Ave.
75.0
76.9
81.0
75.2
71.7
86.0
75.8
77.9
80.2
Table V
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement
x
y
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
0.2854
0.0003
0.10
0.0010
0.2812
0.0004
0.14
0.0011
2
0.2781
0.0004
0.16
0.0020
0.2713
0.0004
0.15
0.0015
3
0.3595
0.0008
0.22
0.0018
0.3585
0.0012
0.34
0.0027
4
0.3655
0.0009
0.24
0.0019
0.3645
0.0013
0.35
0.0028
5
0.2247
0.0002
0.07
0.0006
0.2101
0.0002
0.08
0.0005
6
0.2258
0.0002
0.07
0.0005
0.2121
0.0002
0.07
0.0005
7
0.4749
0.0004
0.08
0.0018
0.3088
0.0002
0.06
0.0006
8
0.4472
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
0.4650
0.0000
0.01
0.0003
9
0.2418
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
0.3293
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
10
0.3054
0.0002
0.05
0.0007
0.3788
0.0001
0.03
0.0005
Table VI
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement
x
y
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
0.2871
0.0004
0.12
0.0013
0.2816
0.0003
0.12
0.0012
2
0.2801
0.0004
0.14
0.0015
0.2716
0.0004
0.14
0.0018
3
0.3580
0.0002
0.06
0.0010
0.3591
0.0002
0.04
0.0007
4
0.3637
0.0002
0.06
0.0009
0.3651
0.0002
0.05
0.0009
5
0.2272
0.0002
0.08
0.0009
0.2065
0.0002
0.08
0.0007
6
0.2282
0.0002
0.07
0.0006
0.2085
0.0002
0.09
0.0008
7
0.4798
0.0004
0.07
0.0014
0.3124
0.0002
0.08
0.0010
8
0.4402
0.0001
0.03
0.0006
0.4684
0.0001
0.02
0.0004
9
0.2399
0.0002
0.09
0.0008
0.3232
0.0002
0.05
0.0008
10
0.3046
0.0002
0.06
0.0007
0.3807
0.0002
0.04
0.0007
Table VII
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement
x
y
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
Mean
σ
ζ
Range
1
0.2833
0.0005
0.19
0.0029
0.2786
0.0006
0.22
0.0031
2
0.2759
0.0007
0.25
0.0037
0.2684
0.0006
0.24
0.0026
3
0.3611
0.0001
0.03
0.0006
0.3597
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
4
0.3669
0.0002
0.05
0.0009
0.3655
0.0001
0.04
0.0008
5
0.2225
0.0004
0.17
0.0017
0.2065
0.0004
0.17
0.0016
6
0.2238
0.0002
0.11
0.0016
0.2084
0.0004
0.18
0.0021
7
0.4824
0.0009
0.18
0.0042
0.3089
0.0005
0.17
0.0028
8
0.4480
0.0002
0.05
0.0011
0.4667
0.0001
0.02
0.0006
9
0.2398
0.0002
0.08
0.0008
0.3282
0.0004
0.12
0.0018
10
0.3049
0.0002
0.06
0.0010
0.3799
0.0002
0.05
0.0010
Table VIII
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions—Percentage of Points Within Plus and Minus One Standard Deviation
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
x
y
x
y
x
y
1
85.4
60.4
83.3
54.1
75.0
72.9
2
66.7
83.3
72.9
79.2
81.2
62.5
3
66.7
62.5
75.0
93.8
79.2
77.1
4
62.5
58.3
85.4
89.6
85.4
77.1
5
81.2
95.8
83.3
81.2
70.8
75.0
6
97.9
97.9
97.9
72.9
85.4
89.6
7
85.4
75.0
85.4
62.5
64.6
87.5
8
93.8
72.9
75.0
91.7
81.2
91.7
9
87.5
85.4
81.2
85.4
83.3
81.2
10
91.7
81.2
85.4
89.6
81.2
91.7
Ave.
81.9
77.3
82.5
80.0
78.7
80.6
Table IX
Distributions of Color Differences from the Mean
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
Mean
σ
Max. diff.
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
Max. diff.
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
Max. diff.
Within ±1 σ
1
0.26
0.04
0.36
85.4
0.27
0.11
0.72
77.1
0.39
0.24
1.40
75.0
2
0.32
0.14
0.66
75.0
0.25
0.18
0.68
79.2
0.41
0.25
1.23
75.0
3
0.63
0.12
0.81
58.3
0.26
0.16
0.66
66.7
0.12
0.06
0.31
66.7
4
0.70
0.10
0.86
58.3
0.25
0.15
0.66
66.7
0.14
0.09
0.48
77.1
5
0.16
0.06
0.31
79.2
0.15
0.11
0.44
83.3
0.24
0.24
1.65
93.8
6
0.15
0.05
0.26
68.8
0.14
0.08
0.33
77.1
0.19
0.10
0.55
79.2
7
0.17
0.12
0.67
79.2
0.20
0.13
0.52
75.0
0.34
0.20
0.93
70.8
8
0.11
0.06
0.28
72.9
0.17
0.09
0.38
72.9
0.20
0.14
0.74
83.3
9
0.13
0.07
0.32
79.2
0.26
0.11
0.62
77.1
0.26
0.16
0.78
79.2
10
0.25
0.18
0.92
75.0
0.33
0.17
0.72
68.8
0.20
0.13
0.61
75.0
Ave.
0.29
—
0.54
73.1
0.23
—
0.57
74.4
0.25
—
0.87
77.5
Table X
Color-Difference Pair Distributions
Pair
Mode
ΔE from means
Dist. mean
σ
ζ
Range
Withn ±1 σ
1–2
KCS-40A
5.78
5.80
0.10
1.74
0.59
75.0
3–4
KCS-40A
4.50
4.62
0.84
18.05
2.55
47.9
5–6
KCS-40A
1.79
1.82
0.05
2.58
0.19
83.3
1–2
KCS-40C
5.76
5.77
0.07
1.24
0.33
75.0
3–4
KCS-40C
4.37
4.38
0.26
5.97
1.11
75.0
5–6
KCS-40C
1.78
1.80
0.07
3.73
0.29
79.2
1–2
GERS
5.54
5.57
0.14
2.57
0.76
77.1
3–4
GERS
4.44
4.43
0.10
2.37
0.49
77.1
5–6
GERS
1.80
1.82
0.11
6.20
0.57
72.9
Table XI
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
X
Y
Z
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.00
0.12
0.02
81.2
0.00
0.16
0.01
68.8
0.00
0.14
0.02
75.0
2
0.00
0.26
0.02
62.5
0.00
0.27
0.02
50.0
0.01
0.29
0.03
93.8
3
0.03
0.12
0.11
68.8
0.02
0.08
0.07
62.5
0.13
0.62
0.49
62.5
4
0.03
0.10
0.08
87.5
0.02
0.06
0.06
93.8
0.15
0.74
0.49
68.8
5
0.00
0.10
0.01
56.2
0.00
0.08
0.02
87.5
0.01
0.07
0.02
100.0
6
0.00
0.07
0.02
87.5
0.00
0.10
0.01
62.5
0.01
0.06
0.02
100.0
7
0.02
0.25
0.06
93.8
0.01
0.23
0.04
87.5
0.01
0.23
0.03
93.8
8
0.04
0.07
0.13
68.8
0.05
0.08
0.17
62.5
0.01
0.12
0.06
68.8
9
0.03
0.13
0.10
68.8
0.04
0.12
0.12
75.0
0.04
0.11
0.12
50.0
10
0.06
0.18
0.22
68.8
0.10
0.23
0.34
68.8
0.08
0.23
0.28
68.8
Table XII
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
X
Y
Z
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.00
0.21
0.02
75.0
0.00
0.21
0.01
56.2
0.00
0.14
0.02
56.2
2
0.00
0.21
0.01
68.8
0.00
0.22
0.01
44.8
0.01
0.26
0.03
93.8
3
0.03
0.11
0.09
75.0
0.02
0.08
0.07
81.2
0.02
0.10
0.09
87.5
4
0.02
0.09
0.10
87.5
0.02
0.06
0.06
93.8
0.02
0.09
0.06
81.2
5
0.00
0.08
0.01
87.5
0.00
0.08
0.01
87.5
0.01
0.07
0.02
100.0
6
0.00
0.10
0.01
62.5
0.00
0.10
0.02
68.8
0.00
0.05
0.01
62.5
7
0.01
0.19
0.04
75.0
0.01
0.20
0.03
93.8
0.01
0.23
0.02
100.0
8
0.04
0.06
0.10
81.2
0.04
0.07
0.13
68.8
0.02
0.14
0.07
75.0
9
0.04
0.17
0.15
75.0
0.05
0.15
0.17
81.2
0.06
0.14
0.20
68.8
10
0.11
0.31
0.37
81.2
0.15
0.34
0.51
75.0
0.12
0.34
0.40
68.8
Table XIII
Tristimulus-Value Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
X
Y
Z
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.01
0.45
0.04
87.5
0.01
0.41
0.04
87.5
0.01
0.38
0.05
75.0
2
0.01
0.57
0.04
75.0
0.01
0.52
0.03
87.5
0.02
0.55
0.06
93.8
3
0.02
0.09
0.08
75.0
0.03
0.10
0.10
75.0
0.03
0.15
0.11
81.2
4
0.02
0.08
0.07
68.8
0.02
0.08
0.07
68.8
0.04
0.18
0.14
81.2
5
0.01
0.32
0.05
75.0
0.01
0.32
0.04
81.2
0.02
0.26
0.09
68.8
6
0.01
0.25
0.03
93.8
0.01
0.32
0.04
81.2
0.02
0.22
0.08
75.0
7
0.02
0.30
0.07
81.2
0.01
0.33
0.05
68.8
0.02
0.65
0.07
81.2
8
0.06
0.10
0.22
75.0
0.07
0.11
0.29
81.2
0.04
0.37
0.16
75.0
9
0.04
0.15
0.12
81.2
0.04
0.14
0.13
62.5
0.05
0.12
0.17
62.5
10
0.04
0.12
0.16
68.8
0.06
0.15
0.27
68.8
0.06
0.17
0.22
75.0
Table XIV
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
x
y
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.0002
0.06
0.0006
87.5
0.0002
0.08
0.0008
68.8
2
0.0003
0.11
0.0009
81.2
0.0002
0.09
0.0009
75.0
3
0.0004
0.12
0.0016
75.0
0.0007
0.19
0.0024
75.0
4
0.0006
0.15
0.0018
68.8
0.0008
0.22
0.0026
68.8
5
0.0001
0.05
0.0004
75.0
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
87.5
6
0.0001
0.04
0.0003
81.2
0.0001
0.05
0.0003
93.8
7
0.0002
0.05
0.0007
68.8
0.0001
0.04
0.0003
75.0
8
0.0000
0.01
0.0002
56.2
0.0000
0.01
0.0002
87.5
9
0.0000
0.02
0.0002
68.8
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
93.8
10
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
87.5
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
93.8
Table XV
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
x
y
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.0003
0.09
0.0009
75.0
0.0002
0.08
0.0007
75.0
2
0.0003
0.10
0.0011
87.5
0.0002
0.08
0.0010
68.8
3
0.0002
0.04
0.0005
87.5
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
87.5
4
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
68.8
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
75.0
5
0.0001
0.05
0.0005
75.0
0.0001
0.05
0.0004
81.2
6
0.0001
0.05
0.0005
81.2
0.0001
0.06
0.0003
81.2
7
0.0003
0.06
0.0010
81.2
0.0002
0.06
0.0007
75.0
8
0.0001
0.02
0.0004
81.2
0.0001
0.01
0.0002
100.0
9
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
75.0
0.0001
0.04
0.0005
68.8
10
0.0001
0.04
0.0005
75.0
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
62.5
Table XVI
Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions for the GERS Mode of Measurement Based on Averaged Data
x
y
Sample
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
σ
ζ
Range
Within ±1 σ
1
0.0004
0.12
0.0015
81.2
0.0002
0.08
0.0009
75.0
2
0.0004
0.14
0.0011
68.8
0.0004
0.15
0.0015
68.8
3
0.0001
0.02
0.0004
87.5
0.0001
0.02
0.0003
93.8
4
0.0002
0.04
0.0005
87.5
0.0001
0.03
0.0004
87.5
5
0.0002
0.10
0.0008
75.0
0.0002
0.10
0.0007
75.0
6
0.0002
0.07
0.0006
87.5
0.0003
0.14
0.0012
81.2
7
0.0007
0.14
0.0028
75.0
0.0004
0.14
0.0017
93.8
8
0.0002
0.04
0.0006
93.8
0.0001
0.01
0.0003
93.8
9
0.0001
0.05
0.0005
75.0
0.0002
0.07
0.0008
75.0
10
0.0001
0.04
0.0004
75.0
0.0001
0.03
0.0003
93.8
Table XVII
Tristimulus-Value and Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions—Percentage Reductions of Standard Deviations and Ranges for the KCS-40A Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
x
y
Sample
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
1
40.0
0.0
33.3
50.0
16.7
0.0
42.8
40.0
36.8
27.3
2
37.5
60.0
37.5
60.0
30.8
66.7
31.1
55.0
41.5
40.0
3
42.1
47.6
35.3
50.0
43.8
16.9
43.6
11.1
43.0
11.1
4
40.0
52.9
36.0
53.8
37.8
12.5
37.1
5.3
36.7
7.1
5
20.0
0.0
25.0
0.0
12.5
33.3
25.0
33.3
50.0
20.0
6
25.0
0.0
20.0
50.0
25.0
33.3
40.0
40.0
33.3
40.0
7
22.7
53.8
23.1
50.0
22.2
40.0
38.9
61.1
33.3
50.0
8
19.6
38.1
21.5
37.0
26.3
25.0
37.5
33.3
20.0
33.3
9
24.4
47.4
25.5
47.8
22.4
47.8
44.4
50.0
20.0
25.0
10
26.7
43.5
26.7
46.0
27.0
46.1
33.3
42.8
27.2
40.0
Ave.
29.8
34.3
28.4
44.5
26.4
32.2
37.4
37.2
34.2
29.4
Table XVIII
Tristimulus-Value and Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions-Percentage Reductions of Standard Deviations and Ranges for the KCS-40C Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
x
y
Sample
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
1
0.0
0.0
0.0
50.0
28.6
33.3
22.9
30.8
27.3
41.7
2
33.3
66.7
20.0
50.0
11.1
0.0
28.2
26.7
39.5
44.4
3
21.0
52.6
19.2
46.2
25.0
40.0
30.4
50.0
43.8
57.1
4
25.7
44.4
30.4
53.8
30.8
45.4
45.4
55.6
33.3
55.6
5
40.0
50.0
40.0
50.0
22.2
50.0
36.8
44.4
41.2
42.8
6
20.0
0.0
20.0
0.0
16.7
66.7
25.0
16.7
31.6
62.5
7
7.1
20.0
18.2
40.0
12.5
50.0
20.0
28.6
24.0
30.0
8
24.0
52.4
22.8
50.0
25.0
41.7
23.1
33.3
40.0
50.0
9
23.1
21.0
14.3
5.6
13.4
16.7
47.6
50.0
18.8
37.5
10
6.2
19.6
6.4
16.4
7.7
18.4
17.6
28.6
13.3
42.8
Ave.
20.0
32.7
19.1
36.2
19.3
36.2
29.7
36.5
31.3
46.4
Table XIX
Tristimulus-Value and Chromaticity-Coordinate Distributions—Percentage Reductions of Standard Deviations and Ranges for the GERS Mode of Measurement
X
Y
Z
x
y
Sample
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
σ
Range
1
16.7
20.0
25.0
20.0
18.8
28.6
33.3
48.3
62.3
71.0
2
9.1
0.0
18.2
25.0
11.1
25.0
44.9
70.3
37.5
42.3
3
17.2
38.5
18.8
28.6
11.7
26.7
25.0
33.3
27.3
25.0
4
15.4
41.7
21.4
41.7
10.0
36.4
11.8
44.4
21.4
50.0
5
14.3
0.0
21.4
20.0
16.7
35.7
40.5
52.9
41.6
56.2
6
16.7
40.0
14.3
33.3
18.5
38.5
36.0
62.5
18.9
42.8
7
13.1
30.0
17.6
28.6
13.6
36.4
22.4
33.3
17.3
64.7
8
25.0
46.3
25.5
48.2
16.0
36.0
14.3
45.4
30.0
50.0
9
22.2
29.4
36.3
50.0
22.4
29.2
35.0
37.5
39.4
55.6
10
18.0
30.4
18.2
44.4
23.6
38.9
35.3
60.0
33.3
70.0
Ave.
16.8
27.6
21.7
34.0
16.2
33.1
29.8
48.8
32.9
52.8
Table XX
Color-Difference Pair Distributions
Pair
Mode
Mean
σ
ζ
% red. in σ
Range
% red. in range
Within ±1 σ
1–2
KCS-40A
5.80
0.06
1.00
42.6
0.22
62.7
81.2
3–4
KCS-40A
4.61
0.52
11.27
37.7
1.97
22.7
75.0
5–6
KCS-40A
1.81
0.03
1.66
36.2
0.09
52.6
75.0
1–2
KCS-40C
5.76
0.04
0.78
37.5
0.18
45.4
81.2
3–4
KCS-40C
4.37
0.18
4.22
29.4
0.62
44.1
56.2
5–6
KCS-40C
1.78
0.04
2.29
38.8
0.13
55.2
75.0
1–2
GERS
5.55
0.08
1.51
41.2
0.36
52.6
75.0
3–4
GERS
4.43
0.07
1.56
34.3
0.29
40.8
75.0
5–6
GERS
1.80
0.08
4.39
30.1
0.24
57.9
62.5
Table XXI
Distributions of Color Differences from the Mean Based on Averaged Data
KCS-40A
KCS-40C
GERS
Sample
Mean
σ
ζ
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
ζ
Within ±1 σ
Mean
σ
ζ
Within ±1 σ
1
0.14
0.08
0.29
68.8
0.20
0.12
0.38
56.2
0.21
0.13
0.53
75.0
2
0.21
0.10
0.40
68.8
0.17
0.13
0.60
87.5
0.24
0.09
0.36
75.0
3
0.30
0.20
0.76
68.8
0.17
0.11
0.32
68.8
0.09
0.04
0.21
81.2
4
0.39
0.20
0.81
56.2
0.15
0.08
0.30
81.2
0.11
0.07
0.29
81.2
5
0.10
0.06
0.22
68.8
0.09
0.08
0.33
93.8
0.16
0.11
0.47
75.0
6
0.08
0.05
0.20
75.0
0.10
0.06
0.28
81.2
0.14
0.05
0.25
75.0
7
0.12
0.06
0.23
68.8
0.15
0.10
0.35
75.0
0.25
0.14
0.54
62.5
8
0.08
0.04
0.14
50.0
0.12
0.07
0.24
81.2
0.17
0.10
0.42
81.2
9
0.09
0.04
0.16
81.2
0.15
0.07
0.29
68.8
0.17
0.08
0.38
75.0
10
0.18
0.12
0.42
62.5
0.29
0.14
0.52
62.5
0.15
0.08
0.33
81.2
Ave.
0.17
—
0.36
66.9
0.16
—
0.36
75.6
0.17
—
0.38
76.2
Table XXII
Distributions of Color Differences from the Mean—Percentage Reduction in Distribution Mean and the Difference Between the Maximum Color Difference Based on the Original Measurement and That Based on Averaged Data