Abstract

The extended Huygens-Fresnel principle is used to derive an explicit expression for the image plane illuminance distribution of an extended object with an arbitrary luminance emittance distribution. The combined simultaneous effects of attenuation, background luminance, and atmospheric turbulence are given. A quantitative comparison of these effects is made, and their contribution to the over-all loss in resolution is given. In particular, we derive a quantitative expression for the point spread function of the combined atmospheric-optical system. Explicit expressions are derived for both the atmospheric-optical system modulation transfer function (MTF) and image plane modulation. Numerical results for the image plane modulation are presented for imaging both up and down along an atmospheric path under various viewing conditions.

© 1974 Optical Society of America

Optimum Adaptive Imaging Through Atmospheric Turbulence

Jeffrey H. Shapiro
Appl. Opt. 13(11) 2609-2613 (1974)

Normal-Mode Approach to Wave Propagation in the Turbulent Atmosphere

Jeffrey H. Shapiro
Appl. Opt. 13(11) 2614-2619 (1974)

Two-wavelength ghost imaging through atmospheric turbulence

Dongfeng Shi, Chengyu Fan, Pengfei Zhang, Hong Shen, Jinghui Zhang, Chunhong Qiao, and Yingjian Wang
Opt. Express 21(2) 2050-2064 (2013)

Diffraction-limited atmospheric imaging of extended objects*

Jeffrey H. Shapiro
J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66(5) 469-477 (1976)

Ghost imaging through turbulent atmosphere

Jing Cheng
Opt. Express 17(10) 7916-7921 (2009)