Liquid Evaporation Light Deflector

G. W. Taylor

doi:10.1364/AO.11.000586

Applied Optics
Vol. 11,
Issue 3,
pp. 586-593
(1972)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.11.000586

Liquid Evaporation Light Deflector

G. W. Taylor

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G. W. Taylor, "Liquid Evaporation Light Deflector," Appl. Opt. 11, 586-593 (1972)

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Abstract

A new type of general purpose digital light deflector is described, which is based on the electrically controlled vaporization of a high refractive index transparent liquid at an inclined interface formed by the liquid and a transparent solid. Deflectors operating on this principle can be designed to provide multiposition linear or angular displacement of a light beam in one or two dimensions. Such deflectors can be random accessed, are capable of large angular deflection, are simple and cheap to build, occupy a small volume, and should have a long operating life. Furthermore, they are not limited to deflecting only small diameter, monochromatic, polarized light beams. Millisecond deflection is possible at power levels of 0.3 W/mm² of light beam area. The deflectors have high optical transmission efficiency with on-off contrast ratios of 150:1 and higher.

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Liquid	Refractive index	Boiling point (°C)	Specific heat	Latent heat of vaporization (cal/g)	Total heat to vaporize from 20°C (cal/g)	Energy to vaporize from 20°C 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.0001 cm³ (J)
Methylene chloride CH₂Cl₂	1.42	41.0	0.29	79	84	1.16 × 10⁻²
Carbon tetrachloride CCl₄	1.46	76.8	0.20	46	58	0.97 × 10⁻²
Trichloroethylene C₂HCl₃	1.48	87.0	0.22	57	72	1.11 × 10⁻²
Benzene C₆H₆	1.50	80.0	0.40	94	118	1.09 × 10⁻²
Turpentine C₁₀H₁₆	1.50	156	0.41	69	124	1.12 × 10⁻²
Water H₂O	1.33	100	1.00	540	620	6.50 × 10⁻²

Liquid	START (W)	NUCLEAR (W)	SHEET (W)
Methylene chloride	$7.2 \frac{4.2}{9.3}$	$11.6 \frac{10.4}{13.8}$	$23.9 \frac{18.5}{35.0}$
Carbon tetrachloride	$10.4 \frac{7.0}{13.5}$	$20.8 \frac{16.0}{25.0}$	$44.0 \frac{32.5}{54.0}$
Benzene	$10.3 \frac{6.6}{15.3}$	$31.5 \frac{21.6}{42.0}$	$66.4 \frac{54.4}{74.8}$
Turpentine	$12.3 \frac{8.3}{14.7}$	$30.7 \frac{25.0}{34.5}$	>105
Water	29.0	>105

Coating	START (W)	NUCLEAR (W)	SHEET (W)
None	4.2	11.5	25.5
L1653	5.2	9.5	21.7
FX706	1.0	4.8	13.0

Liquid	Refractive index	Boiling point (°C)	Specific heat	Latent heat of vaporization (cal/g)	Total heat to vaporize from 20°C (cal/g)	Energy to vaporize from 20°C 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.0001 cm³ (J)
Methylene chloride CH₂Cl₂	1.42	41.0	0.29	79	84	1.16 × 10⁻²
Carbon tetrachloride CCl₄	1.46	76.8	0.20	46	58	0.97 × 10⁻²
Trichloroethylene C₂HCl₃	1.48	87.0	0.22	57	72	1.11 × 10⁻²
Benzene C₆H₆	1.50	80.0	0.40	94	118	1.09 × 10⁻²
Turpentine C₁₀H₁₆	1.50	156	0.41	69	124	1.12 × 10⁻²
Water H₂O	1.33	100	1.00	540	620	6.50 × 10⁻²

Liquid	START (W)	NUCLEAR (W)	SHEET (W)
Methylene chloride	$7.2 \frac{4.2}{9.3}$	$11.6 \frac{10.4}{13.8}$	$23.9 \frac{18.5}{35.0}$
Carbon tetrachloride	$10.4 \frac{7.0}{13.5}$	$20.8 \frac{16.0}{25.0}$	$44.0 \frac{32.5}{54.0}$
Benzene	$10.3 \frac{6.6}{15.3}$	$31.5 \frac{21.6}{42.0}$	$66.4 \frac{54.4}{74.8}$
Turpentine	$12.3 \frac{8.3}{14.7}$	$30.7 \frac{25.0}{34.5}$	>105
Water	29.0	>105

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Applied Optics