Upconversion—a Systems View

A. Fenner Milton

doi:10.1364/AO.11.002311

Applied Optics
Vol. 11,
Issue 10,
pp. 2311-2330
(1972)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.11.002311

Upconversion—a Systems View

A. Fenner Milton

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A. Fenner Milton, "Upconversion—a Systems View," Appl. Opt. 11, 2311-2330 (1972)

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Abstract

A review is given of the properties of birefringently phase-matched parametric upconversion using proustite as the nonlinear material. Photon conversion efficiency, field-of-view limitations, spectral acceptance bandwidths, and resolution are discussed in terms of the upconversion of radiation from the 10-μ region to wavelengths shorter than 1 μ. The competitive potential of upconversion detection systems is examined for a wide variety of sensor applications. This analysis shows that upconversion represents a special-purpose detection technology appropriate for low-duty-cycle, small field-of-view imaging systems that use laser illumination. Competitive development of upconversion to detect thermal imagery appears unlikely.

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Infrared λ, μ	Pump λ, μ	Pump power or energy	Crystal	Sum or difference	η _uc	Ref.
0.546	0.6943	10³-W pulses	KDP	Sum		9
1.15	0.6328	1.2 mW	ADP	Sum	5.7 × 10⁻¹²	10
0.9–2.3	?		KDP LiNbO₃		3 × 10⁻⁴	11
1.7	0.6943	2 MW/cm²	LiNbO₃	Sum	10⁻²	12
		Q-switched pulse
2.5–2.65	0.6943	0.2-J pulses	LiNbO₃	Sum		13
3.39	0.6328	4.43-mW cw	LiNbO₃	Sum	5 × 10⁻⁷	14
10.6	0.6943	0.2-J pulses	Ag₃AsS₃	Sum	4.4 × 10⁻⁶	5
10.6	0.6328	1 mW cw	HgS	Difference	4 × 10⁻¹⁰	15
2–4	1.06	Pulsed	LiNbO₃	Sum		16
10.6	1.06	Pulsed	Ag₃AsS₃	Sum		17
10.6	1.06	cw	Ag₃AsS₃	Sum		18
10.6	1.06	1-W cw	Ag₃SbS₃	Sum	6 × 10⁻⁹	6
2.5–4.5	0.5145	3-W cw	LiNbO₃	Sum	10⁻⁴	19

	Emissivity		Temperature, K

	3–5 μ	8–14 μ
Vegetation	0.92	0.95	294
Soil	0.80	0.92	283
Bark	0.89	0.95	293
Rubber (Tires, 60 mph)	0.85	0.74	311
Canvas	0.92	0.97	293
Painted metal	0.65–0.30	0.92	322, 296
Asphalt	0.97	0.98	398
Concrete	0.90	0.94	289

System characteristics					Proustite			Improved material

Field of view	Pump pulse frequency, pps	Aperture diameter D, cm	Pump pulse duration, μ sec	Crystal area A, cm²				No intracavity technique		Intracavity technique, β = 50

					η _tot	P, watts	P _ir min, watts	η _tot	P, watts	η _tot	P, watts
5°	30	5	1 ^a	4	1 × 10^−3b	30	280	0.01 ^b	30	0.02	1.0
5°	10	5	1	4	4 × 10^−3b	30	100	0.02	16	0.02	0.3
1°	1	10	1	1	0.04 ^c , ^d	4	2	0.04	0.4	0.04	0.01
1°	1	10	500	1	6 × 10^−4b, ^d	30	800	6 × 10^−3b	30	0.04	5.0
1 mrad	200	100	10 ^a	0.2	2.5 × 10^−4e	20	800	4 × 10^−3b	30	0.02	4.0
1 mrad	200	100	0.1	0.2	0.02 ^c , ^e	20	8	0.02	2	0.02	0.04

Infrared λ, μ	Pump λ, μ	Pump power or energy	Crystal	Sum or difference	η _uc	Ref.
0.546	0.6943	10³-W pulses	KDP	Sum		9
1.15	0.6328	1.2 mW	ADP	Sum	5.7 × 10⁻¹²	10
0.9–2.3	?		KDP LiNbO₃		3 × 10⁻⁴	11
1.7	0.6943	2 MW/cm²	LiNbO₃	Sum	10⁻²	12
		Q-switched pulse
2.5–2.65	0.6943	0.2-J pulses	LiNbO₃	Sum		13
3.39	0.6328	4.43-mW cw	LiNbO₃	Sum	5 × 10⁻⁷	14
10.6	0.6943	0.2-J pulses	Ag₃AsS₃	Sum	4.4 × 10⁻⁶	5
10.6	0.6328	1 mW cw	HgS	Difference	4 × 10⁻¹⁰	15
2–4	1.06	Pulsed	LiNbO₃	Sum		16
10.6	1.06	Pulsed	Ag₃AsS₃	Sum		17
10.6	1.06	cw	Ag₃AsS₃	Sum		18
10.6	1.06	1-W cw	Ag₃SbS₃	Sum	6 × 10⁻⁹	6
2.5–4.5	0.5145	3-W cw	LiNbO₃	Sum	10⁻⁴	19

	Emissivity		Temperature, K

	3–5 μ	8–14 μ
Vegetation	0.92	0.95	294
Soil	0.80	0.92	283
Bark	0.89	0.95	293
Rubber (Tires, 60 mph)	0.85	0.74	311
Canvas	0.92	0.97	293
Painted metal	0.65–0.30	0.92	322, 296
Asphalt	0.97	0.98	398
Concrete	0.90	0.94	289

Abstract

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Equations (60)

Applied Optics