Upendra N. Singh, Tamer F. Refaat, Syed Ismail, Kenneth J. Davis, Stephan R. Kawa, Robert T. Menzies, and Mulugeta Petros, "Feasibility study of a space-based high pulse energy 2 μm CO2 IPDA lidar," Appl. Opt. 56, 6531-6547 (2017)
Sustained high-quality column carbon dioxide () atmospheric measurements from space are required to improve estimates of regional and continental-scale sources and sinks of . Modeling of a space-based 2 μm, high pulse energy, triple-pulse, direct detection integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar was conducted to demonstrate measurement capability and to evaluate random and systematic errors. Parameters based on recent technology developments in the 2 μm laser and state-of-the-art HgCdTe (MCT) electron-initiated avalanche photodiode (e-APD) detection system were incorporated in this model. Strong absorption features of in the 2 μm region, which allows optimum lower tropospheric and near surface measurements, were used to project simultaneous measurements using two independent altitude-dependent weighting functions with the triple-pulse IPDA. Analysis of measurements over a variety of atmospheric and aerosol models using a variety of Earth’s surface target and aerosol loading conditions were conducted. Water vapor () influences on measurements were assessed, including molecular interference, dry-air estimate, and line broadening. Projected performance shows a precision and a bias in low-tropospheric weighted measurements related to column optical depth for the space-based IPDA using 10 s signal averaging over the Railroad Valley (RRV) reference surface under clear and thin cloud conditions.
Bing Lin, Syed Ismail, F. Wallace Harrison, Edward V. Browell, Amin R. Nehrir, Jeremy Dobler, Berrien Moore, Tamer Refaat, and Susan A. Kooi Appl. Opt. 52(29) 7062-7077 (2013)
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Atmospheric models included in this study are U.S. Standard (USA), mid-latitude summer (MLS), mid-latitude winter (MLW), tropics (TRO), sub-arctic summer (SAS), and sub-arctic winter (SAW); is the surface reflectivity, and is the aerosol/thin cloud optical depth [30,36–40].
RRV is a reference surface with high reflectivity that includes a 1.23 enhancement factor.
Assuming RRV surface conditions.
Table 2.
Measurement Requirements for Space-Based IPDA Lidar System
Two independent on-line wavelengths tunable from 2050.9670 to 2051.1900 nm, as indicated in Fig. 1.
Detection system is developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and is based on MCT e-APD.
Table 5.
Cumulative Observation Period During 22 Days Interval for Surface Bins as a Function of Latitude
Latitude
Observation Period
Equator
19.298 s
30°N
27.226 s
60°N
56.060 s
75°N
102.426 s
Table 6.
Space-Based 2 μm IPDA Lidar Off-line Return Signal, Noise, and Single-shot SNR for 5 mJ Off-line Transmitted Energy
#
(nW)
(nW)
1
37.73
0.36
104.7
2
24.31
0.29
84.0
3
6.58
0.15
43.7
4
6.29
0.15
42.7
5
5.58
0.14
40.2
6
5.71
0.14
40.7
7
5.70
0.14
40.6
8
1.47
0.07
20.5
9
1.49
0.07
20.7
10
36.49
0.35
102.9
11
5.20
0.13
38.8
12
5.92
0.14
41.4
Table 7.
Random Errors (in %) for Different Scenarios
Scenario
at 50 mJ
at 15 mJ
% at 50 mJ
% at 15 mJ
1
0.0086
0.0158
0.0265
0.0103
0.0486
0.0754
0.025
0.0545
2
0.0107
0.0197
0.0333
0.0129
0.0606
0.0996
0.0312
0.0679
3
0.0206
0.0379
0.0692
0.0249
0.1166
0.2584
0.0619
0.1306
4
0.0211
0.0388
0.0873
0.0270
0.1166
0.3614
0.0688
0.1307
5
0.0224
0.0412
0.0943
0.0287
0.1238
0.4007
0.0735
0.1387
6
0.0221
0.0407
0.0897
0.0280
0.1228
0.3734
0.0714
0.1377
7
0.0221
0.0407
0.0674
0.0259
0.1268
0.2466
0.0638
0.1419
8
0.0438
0.0810
0.2053
0.0544
0.2475
1.0754
0.1517
0.2771
9
0.0435
0.0804
0.1332
0.0491
0.2560
0.6052
0.1270
0.2861
10
0.0087
0.0161
0.0269
0.0105
0.0494
0.0770
0.0254
0.0554
11
0.0232
0.0427
0.0798
0.0280
0.1312
0.3136
0.0703
0.1469
12
0.0217
0.0400
0.0737
0.0262
0.1229
0.2815
0.0655
0.1376
Table 8.
Systematic Errors (in %) for Different Atmospheric Models
Model
%
%
%
%
USA
0.0506
0.0623
0.0614
0.0624
TRO
0.0509
0.0638
0.0641
0.0695
MLS
0.0505
0.0625
0.0621
0.0650
MLW
0.0507
0.0631
0.0629
0.0671
SAS
0.0505
0.0629
0.0626
0.0653
SAW
0.0507
0.0628
0.0624
0.0672
Table 9.
Total Errors (in %) for Different Scenarios
Scenario
at 50 mJ
at 15 mJ
% at 50 mJ
% at 15 mJ
1
0.0698
0.0770
0.0887
0.0717
0.1110
0.1377
0.0864
0.1169
2
0.0719
0.0809
0.0956
0.0743
0.1230
0.1618
0.0926
0.1303
3
0.0818
0.0991
0.1314
0.0863
0.1790
0.3206
0.1233
0.1930
4
0.0860
0.1045
0.1511
0.0911
0.1861
0.4251
0.1329
0.2002
5
0.0873
0.1069
0.1581
0.0927
0.1933
0.4645
0.1376
0.2083
6
0.0844
0.1033
0.1522
0.0901
0.1878
0.4359
0.1335
0.2026
7
0.0854
0.1045
0.1305
0.0888
0.1939
0.3097
0.1267
0.2090
8
0.1066
0.1441
0.2682
0.1170
0.3129
1.1383
0.2142
0.3424
9
0.1061
0.1436
0.1960
0.1115
0.3232
0.6680
0.1894
0.3533
10
0.0700
0.0772
0.0892
0.0719
0.1119
0.1393
0.0868
0.1178
11
0.0844
0.1039
0.1420
0.0894
0.1936
0.3759
0.1317
0.2093
12
0.0830
0.1012
0.1359
0.0876
0.1853
0.3437
0.1269
0.2000
Tables (9)
Table 1.
Global Scenarios Considered for 2 μm IPDA Performance Simulationsa
Atmospheric models included in this study are U.S. Standard (USA), mid-latitude summer (MLS), mid-latitude winter (MLW), tropics (TRO), sub-arctic summer (SAS), and sub-arctic winter (SAW); is the surface reflectivity, and is the aerosol/thin cloud optical depth [30,36–40].
RRV is a reference surface with high reflectivity that includes a 1.23 enhancement factor.
Assuming RRV surface conditions.
Table 2.
Measurement Requirements for Space-Based IPDA Lidar System
Two independent on-line wavelengths tunable from 2050.9670 to 2051.1900 nm, as indicated in Fig. 1.
Detection system is developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and is based on MCT e-APD.
Table 5.
Cumulative Observation Period During 22 Days Interval for Surface Bins as a Function of Latitude
Latitude
Observation Period
Equator
19.298 s
30°N
27.226 s
60°N
56.060 s
75°N
102.426 s
Table 6.
Space-Based 2 μm IPDA Lidar Off-line Return Signal, Noise, and Single-shot SNR for 5 mJ Off-line Transmitted Energy
#
(nW)
(nW)
1
37.73
0.36
104.7
2
24.31
0.29
84.0
3
6.58
0.15
43.7
4
6.29
0.15
42.7
5
5.58
0.14
40.2
6
5.71
0.14
40.7
7
5.70
0.14
40.6
8
1.47
0.07
20.5
9
1.49
0.07
20.7
10
36.49
0.35
102.9
11
5.20
0.13
38.8
12
5.92
0.14
41.4
Table 7.
Random Errors (in %) for Different Scenarios
Scenario
at 50 mJ
at 15 mJ
% at 50 mJ
% at 15 mJ
1
0.0086
0.0158
0.0265
0.0103
0.0486
0.0754
0.025
0.0545
2
0.0107
0.0197
0.0333
0.0129
0.0606
0.0996
0.0312
0.0679
3
0.0206
0.0379
0.0692
0.0249
0.1166
0.2584
0.0619
0.1306
4
0.0211
0.0388
0.0873
0.0270
0.1166
0.3614
0.0688
0.1307
5
0.0224
0.0412
0.0943
0.0287
0.1238
0.4007
0.0735
0.1387
6
0.0221
0.0407
0.0897
0.0280
0.1228
0.3734
0.0714
0.1377
7
0.0221
0.0407
0.0674
0.0259
0.1268
0.2466
0.0638
0.1419
8
0.0438
0.0810
0.2053
0.0544
0.2475
1.0754
0.1517
0.2771
9
0.0435
0.0804
0.1332
0.0491
0.2560
0.6052
0.1270
0.2861
10
0.0087
0.0161
0.0269
0.0105
0.0494
0.0770
0.0254
0.0554
11
0.0232
0.0427
0.0798
0.0280
0.1312
0.3136
0.0703
0.1469
12
0.0217
0.0400
0.0737
0.0262
0.1229
0.2815
0.0655
0.1376
Table 8.
Systematic Errors (in %) for Different Atmospheric Models